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 OAROLY

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CARPACCIO

among them, even the little children being infected with it. The boys make progress in learning, the girls are exceptionally slow. The language spoken in commerce is English, but the ahoriirines have several dialects of their own. The Spanish Capuchins had a catechism and prayer book printed in the Ponape dialect, and Father Anthony of Valentia wrote a small grammar and dictionary of the Yap dia- lect in 1S90. They believe in a Supreme Being (Ya- lafar) and in a bad spirit (Can), yet they have hardly any religious rites. When the Spanish Fathers hail laid the foundations of the mission, these islands passed by purchase into the hands of Germany (2 June, 1899). Spain had contributed more than $5000 a year towards the mission; Germany granted no support. Spain had compelled the aborigines to send their children to school; Germany gave full liberty in this regard, and the somewhat lazy people consequently began to neglect school as well as church. The mission thereby suffered greatly, and the Propaganda finally deemed it advisable to replace the Spanish Capuchins with others of German na- tionality (7 Nov., 1904) and to erect one Apostolic prefecture instead ef the two separate missions (IS Dec, 1905). The Very Reverend Father Venan- tius of Prechthal was appointed first prefect Apostolic. In 1906 twelve fathers and twelve brothers were working in thirteen stations, and several Sisters of St. Francis left Luxemburg to take charge of the ten schools, in which were 262 children. Ninety adult converts were the harvest of that year, and the Catholic population is given as 1900 among 11,600 heathens and a few Protestants. The United States Government sent, 1 July, 1905, a Jesuit from the observatory at Manila to erect a meteorological station on the island of Yap, of which station the Capuchin Father Callistus was appointed director. The origin of the East-Asiatic typhoons had been traced to these regions, and twice a day observations are made, and notice is frequently given to Manila by cable.

'Stolberg, Die Karoh'neninsel Yap (Berlin, 1906); Baum- Oabten, Das Wirhen der hath. Kirehe auf dem Erdenrund (Munich, 19021; 8teidl. Die Uissumen der Kapuziner in der art iMeran. 1890); Katholisehe Mr. -,,.?,., i. XXXIII- XXXV; Christian-, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899); The Statesman's Year-Book (1907). IOL'3; Uissiones Calh.

II 1907 ,713 14; Streit, lib d. ■ \1 ions cath. (SteyL,

1906), 20, and plates l.i and -'1'; Shoemaker m. is., Islands of the Southern Seas (New York, 1898.

Otto .1; BON.

Caron, Pierre Atjgusttn. See France.

Caron, Raymond (or Redmond), Franciscan friar and author, b. at Athlone, Ireland, in 1605; d. at Dublin, 1666. Entering the Franciscan convent in his native town he there made his preliminary studies, after which he studied philosophy at Drogheda. Subsequently he left Ireland and studied theology at Salzburg and at the Franciscan college at Louvain. At the latter place he was, immediately after his ordination, appointed professor of theology, ami in that capacity maintained the reputation he had earned a- a student. In 1635 he published at Antwerp a work "Roma triumphans Septicollis", in defence of Catholic doctrine, and had he continued at Louvain the quiet life of author and professor it would have been well for his peace of mind. But in 164s he was sent by the superior of his order in the Net herlands to I reland as visitator with ample powers to correct and reform. He resided at the Franciscan convent at Kilkenny, and plunged at once into the strife of faction then racing there. Opposing the nuncio and Owen Roe O'Neill, la- sought to bring all to the side of ( trmonde and im- prisoned the members .if his order at Kilkenny who refused to adopt his views, a proceeding which made him so unpopular that his life was in danger, and he had to he protected by Lord Castlehaven at the

head of an armed force. During the rule of the Puritans he remained abroad, but returned to Eng- land at the Restoration and lived there for several years. He was throughout the supporter of Ormond and his policy and wrote two works, in defence of Peter Walsh's "Remonstrance": "Loyalty asserted, and the late Remonstrance of the Irish Clergy and Laity confirmed and proved by the authority of Scrip- ture, Fathers, etc." (London, 1662); and'"Remon- strantia Hibernorum contra Lovanicnses" (London, 1665). This conduct earned for him the character of a loyalist; but it brought on him the condemna- tion of his own superiors and for a time he was under ecclesiastical censure.

Ware-Harris, Writers of Ireland (Dublin, 1764); Gilbert, Histor;/ of Irish Affairs, 1641-52 (ibid., 1SS0); Castlehaven, Memoirs (ibid., 1815); Walsh, History of the Irish Ri mon- strance (1674).

E. A. D'Ai.ton.

Caron, Rene-EdOTTARD, a French Canadian states- man and magistrate, b. at Sainte Anne de Beaupre, Canada, 130ctober, 1800. of August in < !aron, a farmer, and Elizabeth Lessard; d. 13 December, 1876. He studied at the Quebec seminary and was admitted to the Bar in 1S26. In 1833 he 'was elected Mayor of Quebec, an office he held for ten years with zeal and devotedness, particularly during the cholera of ls.il. and the fire of 1845, which nearly destroyed the whole city. Elected for the Legislative Assembly in 1S34, he was called to the Legislative Council, at the Union of the two provinces (1841). He was appointed Speaker of the t'pper House successively in 1843, 1848, and 1851, having likewise a seat in the Cabinet on the last two occasions. He shared with Lafontaine and Morin the merit of wresting from an ultra-Tory oligarchy equal rights for Lower Canada. His patriotism and disinterestedness made him twice forgo power and honours to assure to his province the benefits of responsible government. In 1S53 he was appointed Judge of the Superior Court, and in 1S55 of the Court of the Queen's Bench, an office which he discharged for twenty years with pru- dence and impartiality, ever guided by conscience and the sense of duty. lie took part in the codifica- tion of the civil laws (1859). In 1872 his long career of unsought honours was crowned by bis appoint- ment to the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Quebec Province, a position which he. held till his death.

Ttjrcotte, he Canada sous VUnion (Quebec, L872); Fen- nings-Taylor, Portraits of British Americans (Montreal, 1865).

Lionel Lindsay.

Carpaccio, Yittore, a Venetian painter whose real name was Scarpazza, b. at Venice about 1455; d. in the same city between 1523 and 1526. He was one of those Venetian masters who formed a link between the earlier artists, such a 'acobello del Fiore and the classic painters like t orgione and Titian. Lazzaro Bastiani was his teacher, not, as Vasari has maintained, his pupil. Being an artist who worked for the middle ck ' oi Venetian society, Carpaccio enjoyed neither the official posi- tion nor the aristocratic patronage that fell to the lot of the Bellinis. It was only m 1501 thai he re- ceived orders for the Doge's Palace, where he painted the "Lion of St. Mark", still to be seen there, and the "Battle of Ancona", destroyed in the fire of 1577. In 1508 he was one of the commission ap- pointed to set a valuation upon Giorgioi at the Fondaco dei Tedeschi.

Nearly all of Carpaccio's lifetime was spent in painting for the si or religious confra-

ternities either of artisans or foreigners. It was for one of these that he executed the most celebrated and extensive of his works "The Life of St. Ursula ", now preserved in the Academy of Venice. Bis other paintings were produced, doubtless, under similar circumstances. They usually depicted the lives of