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 OARITAS

349

CARLOVINGIAN

Ambros, Gesch. der Musik (Leipzig, 1881); Mendel, Musika- lischea Lexikon (Leipzig, 1870).

Joseph Otten.

Caritas, Saint. See Faith, Hope, and Charity, SS. MM.

Carletus, Angelus. See Angelo Carletti di Chivasso.

Carli, Dionigi da Piacenza, one of a band of Fran- ciscan friars of the Capuchin Reform, sent out to the Congo in 1666. One of his companions was Padre Michele Angelo Guattini da Rhegio, who wrote an account of the voyage of tiie missionaries from Genoa to Lisbon and thence to Brazil, Loanda, and the Congo, that being the route the missionaries had to take to get to their destination. Padre Michele Angelo died shortly after his arrival in the Congo, leaving his manuscript in the hands of Dionigi Carli, who, on his return to Italy a few years afterwards owing to sickness, wrote an account of his own ex- periences in the Congo and on his homeward journey. Carli gives a detailed description of the manners and customs of the natives and of the doings of the mis- sionaries. He tells how the friars died in numbers, owing to the climate, and speaks with discourage- ment of the peculiar difficulties of the situation. He trusts that some of the 2700 children he baptized will reach Heaven and be to his credit as a missionary in the judgment book of God. Finally he gives some account of the various cities he passed through in Por- tugal, Spain, and France on his way home. Carli published at Rhegio in 1672 his own work together with that of Guattini under the title: "II Moro trans- portato in Venezia ovvero curioso racconto de' Costumi, Riti et Religione de' Populi dell' Africa, America, Asia ed Europa". A second edition ap- peared at Bologna in 1674. An English translation is oublished in Churchill, "Voyages" (London, 1704), I. Father Cuthbert.

Carlisle (Carleol, Karliolum), Ancient Dio- i i -i. of (Carleolensis, Karliolensis). — The Catholic was smaller in extent than the present Anglican diocese, which was enlarged in 1856. The territory it originally included first became a po- litical unit in the reign of William Rufus (1087- 1100), who made it into the Earldom of Carlisle, in- cluding therein most, but not all, of the two counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland. In the reign of his successor, Henry I, the earldom was made a bishopric. Till that time it had formed part of the Diocese of Durham, though there was a strong Celtic element that looked to Glasgow for episcopal ad- ministration. For the first bishop, the king secured the appointment of his former confessor, .Ethelwulf (1133-1155), an English monk, Prior of the Augus- tinian Canons, whom the king had established at Carlisle in 1102. At the tune of his consecration, however, /Ethel wulf seems to have been Prior of the August iuian house at Nostell in Yorkshire. He ruled the diocese until his death in 1156, and from his charters it is clear that the see was from the first well administered, and that there was a vigorous diocesan life. .lEthclwulf built a moderate-sized Xonnan minster of which the transepts and pint of the nave still exist, and to serve this cathedral he introduced his own Augiistinians, with the result tli.it Carlisle was the only see in England with an Augustinian cathedral chapter, the other monastic cathedral chapters being Benedictine. **f the next

bishop, Bernard, little is known, and after his death,

in or about 1186, there was m long vacancy, during which the diocese was administered by another Bernard, \rchbishop of Itagusa. During this period Carlisle suffered severely from the incursions of the Scots, and early in Henry Ill's reign we find the king complaining to the pope that Carlisle had re- volted to Scotland, and that the canons had elected

a bishop for themselves. The papal legate, Gualo, punished this action by exiling the canons and ap- pointing Hugh, Abbot of Beaulieu, a good adminis- trator, as bishop. It was important to the English Government to have a reliable prelate at Carlisle, as they constantly looked to the bishop to attend to Scottish affairs, negotiate treaties, and generally play the part of diplomat. The next bishop was Walter Malclerk, formerly agent of King John, and a prominent figure in the reign of Henry III. Always a patron of the Friars Preachers, he introduced both Dominicans and Franciscans into the city and diocese. He resigned his see in 1246 in order to join the Order of St. Dominic. About this time a new choir was begun and carried to completion, only to be destroyed in the great fire of 1292. A fresh beginning was made by energetic Bishop Halton (1292-1324), a favourite of Edward I, and for nearly a hundred years the building of the present choir proceeded, though with many interruptions. Its chief glory is the great east window, remarkable both for its own beauty and as marking a transition from the earlier style to the perfection of tracery. During this time the see was governed by a line of bishops, busy and useful diplomats in their day, but not remarkable in other respects. One of these was Thomas Merke, the intimate friend of Richard II, who was later on tried for high treason under Henry IV and deprived of his bishopric. The subsequent bishops preserved the character of statesmen and scholars, being frequently employed in negotiating truces and treaties with Scotland, while several of them were Chancellors of Oxford or of Cambridge. Among them was Wolsey's friend, John Kite (1521- 1537), who remained faithful to his master, and who supported him in the poverty of his latter days. The last of the Catholic bishops was Owen Oglethorpe, the kindly-tempered prelate who was prevailed on to crown Elizabeth when no other prelate could be found to do that office for her — an act he so much regretted that, Antony il Wood says, the rest of his days "were both short and wearisome". He dis- obeyed the queen openly when she forbade him to elevate the Sacred Host in her presence; he refused to appear at a disputation on religion, or to take the Oath of Supremacy, was deprived of his bishopric with the other Catholic bishops, and died a prisoner 31 December, 1559. With him the history of the Catholic see of Carlisle came to an end. It was a poor diocese, and when the Reformers plundered the churches they found little but a chalice in each, and even of these some were of tin. There was only one archdeaconry, that of Carlisle. The cathedral was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, though this was changed at the Reformation to the Holy Trinity. The arms of the see were: Argent, on a cross, sable, a mitre with labels, Or.

Nicolson and Burn, History of Westmoreland "re/ Cumber- land (London, 1777); HUTCHINSON, History of CarUeh (Cai lisle, 1706), an extract from lus Jlrf^n/ of Cumberland 'Car- lisle, 1794); Jefferson, History of Carli !■ (Carlisle, 1838); Prescott, Statutes of Carlisle Cathedral (Carlisle, 1879); Prbsoott, Visitations in the Anront /- ■ ,v (Car-

lisle lsssi; Ferguson, D i of Carlish (London,

1889); Eley. The Cathedral Church of Carlisle (London, 1900).

Edwin Btjrton.

Carlovingian Books. See Caroline Books.

Carlovingian Schools. Under the Merovingian Kings there was established al the court :i scl I

SCola palatimx, the chroniclers of tin eighth century styled it — for the training of the young Prankish nobles in the art of war and in the ceremonies of the

court. This was not, however, a school in t he i tern

acceptation of the term. Whatever education there was of the literary kind al thai time was imparted it

the monastic and cathedral BChools. With the acces- sion of Charlemagne (76S) a scheme of educational reform was inaugurated, first in the palace school it-