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 CARIES

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CARISSIMI

ventual who died in the odour of sanctity. In 1818 Pius VII united with this diocese Strongoli and Um- briatico. The diocese contains a population of 60,- 000, with 28 parishes, 70 churches and chapels, 1 regu- lar and 60 secular priests.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia (Venice, 1844), XXI, 257; Ann. eccl. (Rome, 1907), 368.

U. Benigni.

Caribs, next to the Arawaks, probably the most numerous Indian stock, of more or less nomadic habits, in South America. They cannot, however, compare in numbers with the sedentary aborigines of Peru and Bolivia. The Caribs were the second group of Indians met by Columbus on the Antilles, and even at that time the name was a synonym for "cannibals". At the time of Columbus they held the whole of the Lesser Antilles, whence they made constant and cruel inroads upon the Arawaks of the larger northern islands, killing the men and capturing the women, whom they carried to their homes on Guadalupe, Martinique, etc. as slaves. The Arawaks were in great dread of them and of their weapons, which were superior to the primitive fire-hardened javelins and wooden war-clubs in use on the Greater Antilles, although some of the natives had also acquired the bow and arrows, probably from contact with their hereditary foes, the Caribs. The latter were also hardy and daring sailors, paddling fear- lessly from island to island comparatively long dis- tances. In costume, mode of living, dwellings, etc., the Caribs differed but little from the Arawaks. Their language is totally different. The distinctive feature in dress consisted in this, that the Arawaks wore the hair short, while the Caribs allowed it to flow at full length.

The proper name of the Caribs is given as " Karina ". How far the word may have been applied to designate the stock in general is not certain. Of their pre- Columbian history only so much seems ascertained, that they originally occupied Northern Venezuela and parts of Guiana, and from the northern shores of South America gradually extended to the Lesser Antilles, driving northward the Arawaks. Had the landing of Columbus not interfered, they in all probability would have exterminated the Arawaks and spread over the Greater Antilles also. The enmity between the Caribs and the Arawaks is hereditary. But the former were not always successful. On the Orinoco, for instance, the Arawaks held their own. There was and is, on the South American mainland, less disparity in warlike features between the stocks than between the Caribs and Arawaks of the An- tilles, especially those of the Bahamas. In general culture and social organization the two stocks are much alike. The Caribs build excellent boats which they equip with sails, and some groups make rather fair pottery. Their religious creed is the animism and fetichism characteristic of all Indians, witch- craft forming the leading part of their rites and ceremonials. Of the numerous groups into which the Caribs are divided, the Bakairis, on the upper Shingu River in Brazil, are the most southerly, so that the stock is scattered from the fourteenth degree of latitude south to near the coast of Venezuela, and from the Galibis in Guiana as far west, at least, as the eastern confines of Colombia.

The almost complete extermination of the An- tillean < 'a ribs was brought about by their indomitable ferocity and particularly by their addiction to can- nibalism. Every effort on the part of I lie Spaniards and French to abolish it proved fruitless. In centra]

South America the Catholic missionaries, chiefly the Jesuits, worked with considerable success among Carib tribes along the Amazon, devoting special attention to the Motilones and establishing missions among them. During the seventeenth century Father Samuel Fritz laboured among them, as well

as among tribes of Arawak stock. These efforts, which had already been very much hampered by the aggressions of the Portuguese from Brazil, came to naught, owing to the expulsion of the Jesuits. The Franciscans continued the missions on a limited scale after 1767, but the blow had been too severe to allow more than a feeble recovery. A few missions still subsist wanting, however, the strength of their early organization.

The Caribs have been considered the cannibals par excellence of Northern South America. This is true of those formerly located on the Antilles; but on the mainland, where not under strict control, all the forest tribes of Indians are more or less anthro- pophagous. There is, in this respect, no difference between Caribs, Arawaks. Tapuyas, and other natives of the Amazonian basin. It is surmised, from results of linguistic investigations, that the original home of the Caribs was where the branch known as the Bakairis is located to-day namely, on the upper Shingu in north-eastern Matto Grosso (Brazil), and that from there they spread to the north and north- east, driving the Arawaks before them.

The earliest information concerning the Caribs is contained in the letters of Columbus, beginning with the year 1493. Of subsequent old sources must be mentioned: Oviedo, Historia general i, natural (Madrid, 1S50); Herrera, Historia general (Madrid, 1601-15).

From the seventeenth century we have very important sources: Boyer, Writable relation, etc. (Paris, 1654); Pelle- part. Relation des Mixtion* il< - R. P- de la c. de J., etc. (Paris, 1655); do Tertre, Histoin dcx Antilles (Paris, 1667-1671); Rochefort. Histoin natunlle et morale des lies Antilles (Rot- terdam, 16S1); Biet, Voi/agr de la France cquinoxiale en Vislr de Cayenne (Paris, 1664); Gumilla, //, forto del Orinoco (Madrid, 1745).

Modern literature on the Caribs is largely in the shape of transactions of European and American scientific societies. Monographs: Schomburgk, Comparative Vocabulary, etc.

(British Association Report, 1848); .4 Vocabulary of the Maiiongkong Language (Proceedings of the Philological Society, London, 18.50), IV; Khrenreich, Verhandlungen dec Berliner anthropol. Gesellschafl (1SS8).

Modern books: von den Steinen, Durch Ccnlral-Brasilirn (important also for Arawaks and other stocks); Thurn. Among the Indians oj Guiana; Brett, Indian Tribes of Guyana (New York, 1852).

Ad. F. Bandelier.

Carisiaca Capitula. See Quiercy, Council of.

Carissimi, Giacomo, the most influential and pro- lific Italian composer of his time, b. in Kii>4 at Marino in the Papal States; d. 12 Jan., 1674, in Rome. After completing his musical education in Rome, Carissimi became choirmaster at Assisi, and, in 1628, he was appointed to a like position at the church of St. Apollinaris in Rome. He is considered the father of the modern oratorio form, which had its origin in the simple laudi sacri composed by Palestrina and Annimuccia for St. Philip Neri's meetings of young people, held in his oratorio or place of prayer. By imparting a lyric quality to the recitative, lending variety to the orchestral accompaniments and dra- matic movement to the whole, he developed this form to the point where it was taken up and carried to its perfection by Handel and Bach. Although many of Carissimi's oratorios and other works have been lost, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris contains the fol- lowing oratorios in MS.: "La plainte des damnos", ■' L'histoire de Job", "Ezechias", "Baltazar". "Da- vid el Jonathan", "Abraham et Isaac", "Jephte", "Le jugement dernier", "Le mauvais riche", "Jo- nas". An almost complete collection of the works of this master made by Dr. Henry Aldrich (1647 1710) is found in the library of Christ Church College,

Oxford. Of Carissimi's settings to liturgical texts

two printed collections of motets for two. three, and four voices, and masses for live and nine voices are mentioned. An eight part "Nisi Dominus" and a "l.auda Sion" in MS. are preserved in the Sanlini Library in Home. Among Carissimi's pupils wirr

Alessandro Scarlatti, J. K. Kerll, Johann Ph. Krieger,

Chr. Bernard, and M. A. Charpenticr.