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CARHEIL Termination of the Disease" in 1793. Five editions were published. In 1793 Carey called a meeting of prominent Irishmen in Philadelphia, and with them founded the "Hibernian Society for the Relief of Immigrants from Ireland". In 1796 he was engaged with several others in founding the "Sunday School Society", the first of its kind established in the United States. Becoming involved in a quarrel with a publisher, William Cobbett, he published a scathing reply in a Hudibrastic poem, "The Porcupiniad", in 1799.

In 1810 the question of the re-charter of the first United States Bank came up and Carey, although a Democrat, took sides with those who favoured the bank. At first he published a series of articles in "The Democratic Press", a paper which strongly opposed the bank. Later he went to Washington, took an active part in the discussions there when the question of a re-charter came before Congress, and published two pamphlets favouring the re-charter. In 1814 he published the work for which he is best known, "The Olive Branch". The second war with Great Britain was still in progress, and the country was divided into rival factions, and the aggressions of the party hostile to American interests endangered the success of the war. The work was written in the interests of harmony and was, as stated in the preface, "An Appeal to the patriotism, the honour, the feel- ing. the self interest of your readers to save a noble nation from ruin". It had a large circluation and ex- ercised a good influence, but was not welcomed in New England. In 1820 a second "Olive Branch" was written to harmonize factional interests. In his boyhood Carey had read everything pub- lished in behalf of the Irish cause, and, aroused by Great Britain's treatment of Ireland, he had resolved to write some day in defence of his native country. In 1818 the famous Godwin wrote “Mandeville”. 3 novel in which the fictions of the massacre of 1641 were exploited. This occasioned the publication by Carey of "Vindicia Hibernica" (1818). In it the general unreasoning attitude of Great Britain toward Ireland was discussed, but special emphasis was placed on Catholic emancipation and the legendary massacre of 1641. The plan pursued throughout the work to vindicate Ireland and the Catholics was the use of testimony taken exclusively from Protestant historians. In doing this some of the best material available was excluded. The alleged plots against the Protestants in the so-called massacre of 1641 were shown to be absurd and the number of persons killed greatly exaggerated. The claims of Temple and Clarendon and the assertions of later and uncritical historians were refuted in detail.

Carey began writing on the Tariff question in 1819. In seeking the cause of the financial depression of 1818 and 1819 he was led to believe that the failure to put a high tariff upon goods manufactured in the United States was responsible for the general disas- ter. Prior to this he found political economy as pre- sented in Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" ab- struse and uninteresting. He now took up this work again with the purpose of answering the Free Trade arguments, and published in 1822 his "Essays on Political Economy". Subsequently he published and distributed at his own expense numerous pamphlets on the tariff question. His essays had a large circula- tion and went far towards turning sentiment in the direction of a protectionist policy. In 1820 he founded the "Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of National Industry" which consisted of the leading citizens of Philadelphia. Because the organization was not sufficiently aggressive Carey withdrew from it and it soon ceased to exist. Carey's tariff argu- ments will not bear the test of scientific criticism, but it must be remembered that he had no economic training. While the soundness of his conclusions can- not be admitted, the policy advocated had much to commend it when Carey wrote.

He was married in 1791 while he was living in very limited circumstances. Later he acquired a consid- erable fortune, but retained throughout habits of frugality. He was the father of nine children, one of whom was the distinguished economist, Henry C. Carey. In 1833-34 he published his Autobiography in the "New England Magazine". A valuable col lection of Carey's letters is in the "Records" of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia for 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, vols. IX, X, XI, XII, and XIII. Carey took a very active though anonymous part in the disastrous schism occasioned in St. Mary's parish, Philadelphia, by the rebellious priest William Hogan (1819-22). He is credited with writing or in- spiring, as well as publishing, many of the pamphlets issued at the time. An extended list of these publi- cations is given in Finotti. "Bibliographia Catholica Americana" (Boston, 1872), 137-172.

ALLIBONE, Dict. of British and American Authors (Philadelphia, 1859-71); Imperial Biog. Dict. (London, s. d.); WEBB, A Com- pendium of Irish Biography (Dublin, 1878); HUNT. Our Ameri- can Merchants (Boston, 1864); Life of William Cobbett (Phila- delphia, 1835): JANSEN, The Stranger in America (London, 1807); Niles' Register (Baltimore, 1811-47); Hunt's Merchant's Magazine (New York, 1839); American Almanac (Boston. 1841).

J. E. HAGERTY.

Carheil, ETIENNE DE, French missionary among the Indians of Canada, b. at Carentoir, France. Nov., 1633; d. at Quebec. 27 July. 1726. He entered the Society of Jesus at Paris, 30 August, 1652; studied in Amiens, La Flèche, and Bourges, and acted as in- structor in Rouen and Tours. After his ordination in 1666, Carheil left for Canada. and spent two years at Quebec in preparation for mission work. From his entrance into the novitiate he had longed to shed his blood for Christ; the only martyrdom he found in Canada was that of thirty years of hardships and sufferings among the Hurons and the Iroquois. The first scene of his missionary labours was Cayuga, where he remained until the chiefs drove him from their canton in 1684. He taught grammar for three years at the College of Quebec, and was then assigned to the Mission of Mackinac. His strenuous opposi- tion to the brandy traffic provoked the enmity of La Mothe Cadillac, the French commandant at that post, and he was compelled to return to Quebec in 1703. During most of the ensuing years he ministered to the French in Montreal and other towns. Father Car- heil was a ripe scholar and possessed a rare knowledge of the languages of the tribes he evangelized. He left two manuscript volumes entitled "Racines Huronnes".

ORHAND, Un admirable inconnu (Paris, 1890); THWAITES, Jesuit Relations (Cleveland, 1896-1901), I. 325, 326, LXX, 129; SOMMERVOGEL. Bibl. dc la c. de J. II, 747: SHEA, History of the Catholic Missions (New York, 1855). CXV; IDEM, Cath. Ch. in Colonial Days (New York, 1886), index; ROCHEMONTFIX, Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle France au XVIIe sücle (Paris, 1895-96), III, c. x.

EDWARD P. SPILLANE.

Cariati (PATERNUM), DIOCESE OF (CARIATENSIS), suffragan of Santa Severina. Cariati is a city of Cala- bria in the province of Cosenza, Italy, healthfully situated near the sea. The first bishop mentioned in history is Menecrates, present at the Synod of Rome in 499. In one of his letters St. Gregory the Great recommends the Church of Cariati to the Bishop of Reggio. According to some. during the eleventh or twelfth century the Diocese of Cerenza (Geruntia) was united to Cariati, though it is only in 1342 that men- tion is made of a Bishop of Cariati and Cerenza. Noteworthy bishops were: Polychronius (1099), founder of the monastery of S. Maria di Attilia in Santa Severina; the Cistercian Blessed Matteo (1234), first Abbot of San Giovanni di Fiore; Alessandro Crivello (1561), a gallant soldier, afterwards nuncio in Spain: Fra Filippo Gesualdo (1602), a Minor Con-