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 CARDINAL

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CARDINAL

ernment of the diocese (partly by counsel, consilium, and partly by consent, consensus) was constitutional and recognized by the canon law. The cathedral chapters reached their fullest development as cor- porations early in the thirteenth century, when they obtained the exclusive right of episcopal elections. In a similar way the cardinal-bishops, cardinal- priests, and cardinal-deacons came to form a corpora- tion, by the fact that since Alexander III (1159-1181) they alone had the right to elect the pope, they alone were his immediate assistants at Mass, and were his only counsellors in all important matters. Since 1150 the corporation of the cardinals becomes more and more known as a collegium, though such synony- mous terms as univer sitae, conventus, ccetus, capitulum are occasionally used. The dean or head of the Col- lege of Cardinal"? is the Bishop of Ostia; the sub-dean is the Bishop of Porto. The dean is the successor of the former archpriest, the first of the cardinal-priests, known since the twelfth century as prior cardinalium presbyterorum; he is also to some extent the successor of the archdeacon, known since the thirteenth cen- tury as prior diaconorum cardinalium. The arch- priest was the immediate assistant of the pope at ecclesiastical functions. The archdeacon, as super- visor of the discipline of the Roman clergy and ad- ministrator of the possessions of the Roman Church, was, after the pope, the most important person in the papal court. During a vacancy, as above stated, both archpriest and archdeacon, together with the chief notary (primicerius notariorum), governed the Apostolic See. When later on the cardinals became a corporation that included bishops among its mem- bers, one of these bishops must naturally assume the headship; it could be no other than the Bishop of Ostia, whose immemorial right it was to bear the pallium at the consecration of the newly-elected pope, in case the latter were not yet a bishop, and to whom fell later the privilege of anointing the Roman Em- peror, and of taking in general councils the first place after the pope. As president of the college it is the duty of the dean to convoke the same, to conduct its deliberations, and to represent it abroad.

As a legal corporation the cardinals have their own revenues, which are administered by a camer- lengo (camerarius) chosen from their own body (not to be confounded with the cardinal camerlengo, ad- ministrator of the papal estate), and to some extent the successor of the former archdeacon or prior dia- conorum cardinalium. In the Middle Ages the rev- enues of the College of Cardinals were considerable. They were jointly entitled, among other dues, to a share of the moneys paid into the papal treasury on such occasions as the conferring of the pallium, con- tinuation of bishops, also by nations and fiefs that acknowledged the sovereignty or protection of the Holy See. Therefore, since the thirteenth century, the' cardinals have had their own treasury (F. Schneider, "Zur alteren papstlichen Finanzge- schichte" in " Quellen und Forschungen aus italien. Archiv und Bibl.", IX, 1 sqq.). Nicholas IV allotted to the College of Cardinals (IS July, 12S9) one half the revenues of the Apostolic See, i. e. of the pallium taxes, the dues for confirmation of bishops (servitia communia), the "census" or tribute from the coun- tries subject to the pope, the Peter's-pence, the visi- tation dues (paid in on the occasion of their visits to Rome, oisitaMo liminum apostolorum, by all arch- bishops, by bishops immediately subject to the Holy See or confirmed ami consecrated by the pope, and by abbots freed from episcopal jurisdiction and im- mediately subject to the Holy See), besides other sources of revenues (.1. 1'. Kirsch, "Die Rnanzver- waltung cles Kardinalkollegiums im 13. und 11. Jahrhundert", Minister. 1895; Baumgarten, "I'liter- suchungen und I'rkunden liber die Camera collegii cardinalium fur die Zeif von 1295 1437", Leipzig,

18S9; A. Gottlob, "Die Servitientaxe im 13. Jahr- hundert", Stuttgart, 1905; E. Goller, "Der Liber taxarum der papstlichen Hammer", Rome, 1905). The common revenue of the College of Cardinals is now inconsiderable; hence the rotulus cardinalicius, or dividend paid yearly to the cardinals resident in Rome, is comparatively small.

Precedence or rank among the cardinals is regulated according o the three orders above described, and in each order according to seniority. In the order of bishops, however, seniority is not according to date of reception in the cardinalitial body, but according to the date of episcopal consecration (Clement XII, "Pastorale officium", § 5, 10 Jan., 1731, in "Bullar. Roman.", XXIII, 226). According to an ancient custom dating from the thirteenth century, cardinals resident in Rome enjoy what is known as jus optionis or the right of option (Sagmuller, " Die Tatigkeit und Stellung der Kardinale", 179 sqq.; Baumgarten, " Die Translation der Kardinale von Innocenz III bis Martin V", in "Hist. Jahrbuch", XXII, 85 sqq.). This means that when a cardinalitial office is vacant, the cardinal next in rank of seniority can choose {optare) the vacant office. Thus the oldest of the cardinal-bishops can choose the office of Dean of the College; he becomes at the same time Bishop of Ostia, since according to ancient custom the Dean of the Sacred College is always the Bishop of Ostia. How- ever, in the interest of their dioceses, and apart from the bishoprics of Ostia and Porto, the cardinal- bishops are allowed to make such option but once. The jus optionis is also customary for the other two orders, both within each order, and from one to the other, given the necessary qualifications for such eleva- tion. A cardinal-deacon, already ten years in the Sacred College, holds the jus optionis ahead of a car- dinal-priest of later creation, provided, however, that there remain in the college ten cardinal-deacons (Paul IV, "Cum venerabiles", 22 Aug., 1555, in "Bullar. Rom.", VI, 502 sqq.; SLxtus V, " Postquam verus", § 7, 8, 3 Dec, 1587, ibid., VIII, 810 sqq.; Benedict XIII, "Romani Pontifices", § 5, 7, 7 Sept., 1724, ibid., XXII, 94 sq.; Clement XII, "Pastorale Offi- cium", § 8, 10 Jan., 1731, ibid., XII, 226; L. Bran- catius, "Dissertatio de optione sex episcopatuum", Rome, 1692). (See Roman Congregations; Con- clave; Pope.)

Panvinics. De episcopatibus, titulis et diaconiis cardinalium (Venice. 1567); Barb^tia, De pra-stantid cardinalium: M i\- fredus, De cardinalibus S. R. E.: De sacrosanclo collegia; Albanus, De cardinalatu: Yilladiego, De origine ac dignitate et potestate S. R. E. cardinalium. These treatises are to be found in Tractalus iuri* unirersi (Venice. 15S7). XIII, 2. 63 sqq. See also Botero, DelTufficio del cardinals (Rome, 1599); Flatus, De cardinal™ dignitate el officio tractates (Rome, 1602); Contelorius, Elenchus cardinalium ab anno U9h ad annum /',:>: iHome. 1641); Aubery, Histoire generate des cardinuul (Paris, 1642 sqq.); CoHELLirs, Xotitia cardinalatus (Paris, 16531; Paris 0,r\ssi, De ear, man i is cardinalium et episcoporum in eorum dtae, I,. . Rome, 1654); Duchesne. Hist, de tons lee cardinal! r frm ou ./. naissance (Paris. 1660). For Irish

cardinal Sal lay Review (1882), 1,111. 323; anil for

Iir'lidi cardinal.-, Willi wis, Lives of the English Cardinals,

etc., from Adrian IV to Wolsey (London. 1S6S); also Dubl.

Ri r 1S741, I. XXVI, 25S, and Baxter, England's Cardinals

(I on. Ion, 19031; see also d'Attktiy, Elores historiee sacri

S /,'. E. cardinalium I Paris. 16601; D tJ PeYBAT, Trade

(1 >-rne. 1665); LETX, Jl cardinalismo

. I. loos ; Der Kardina ' ader Bericht von

,1, „ /.,. •• I mi - 1. 1667); M atiiias

a Co nu\ v. Tra,. - ■!• pot, itah ,1 dignitate 8. E. E.

cardinalium, n - atorum ApostoHcorum e! inguiei-

tarum jidei' ll.eno. 1677 ; ClACONTCS, ll.-laria Pontl/iciwi romanarumel S I,' E. cardinalium, ed. Ol.nrlNTS (Rome, 16771;

de LncA, /( Cardinal ,1, S. Chiesa pratico (Rome, 1680);

Tiium \ssinus, \',tus ,1 noea eeel'^ia disciplir.a area bt (Paris 16SS), pt. I. lil>. II. ec. cxiii-exvi; Buddeus, De origine cardmalicuT dignitatis l.lena, 10931; Pai.itivs, Fasti cardi- nalium omnium ,N\ /,'. E. (Venice. 1701); Piazza, La gcrarchia cardinal, :ia (Rome. 1793); Eggs, Purpura doeta sen vita, legation,-*, res gcsla; obitus, S. It. E. cardinalium (Munich. 1711); Muratoiii. De cardinalium instilutionc in Antiquitates Italicir (Milan, 1741 ), V. 153 sqq .; \nii ■■'

v, officio et privilegiis cardinalium (Rome. 1766); Kleiner. Disstrlatio ,!,■ origine et antiguilatc S. li. E. cardi- nalium (Heidelberg, 17671; Tamagna, Origini c prerogative dei cardinali (Rome, 1790); Cahuella, Memone storiette