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 CARDINAL

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CARDINAL

at Rome; they are also, adds Johannes Diaconus, canons of the Lateran Basilica. The head of the cardinal-deacons was the archdeacon, also known as prior diaconorum cardinalium. In his quality of supervisor of ecclesiastical discipline in the city, and curator of the papal finances, he was, after the pope, the most important person in the Roman Church during the early Middle Ages.

Since, according to the foregoing, the name of "cardinal" was linked with participation and co- operation in the papal Mass, or in ecclesiastical ser- vices at the principal papal churches of Rome, it need not surprise us that, by reason of analogous participa- tion in these services, other Roman ecclesiastics, from the deacons downwards, came to bear the title of cardinal. Cardinal-subdeacons are often men- tioned, and once even cardinal-acolytes. In the " Commentarius eleetionis Gregorii VII" the elec- tors are said to be "Romans ecclesia; cardinales clerici, acoliti, subdiaconi, diaconi, presbyteri" (Jaff<§, Bibliotheca Rer. Germ., Berlin, 1864, II, 9 sqq.).

III. Cardinal-Bishops. — In the course of time and according as the papal headship of the Church manifested itself more and more, the volume of ecclesiastical and temporal business increased greatly at Rome, in consequence of which the popes called in neighbouring bishops to represent them at episcopal functions and to aid them with their coun- sel. They also followed the custom, widespread in the early medieval period, of dealing with important questions in synodal meetings. The "Liber Pontifi- calis" says of Stephen III (76S-772): "Erat enim hisdem prsefatus beatissimus pncsul ecclesiie tradi- tionis observator. Hie statuit ut omni dominico die a septem episcopis cardinalibus ebdomadariis, qui in eeclesia Salvatoris observant, missarum sollemnia super altare beati Petri eelebraretur et Gloria in excelsis Deo diceretur" (I. 478), i. e., the pope, as a diligent custodian of tradition ordered that every Sunday solemn Mass should be said on the altar of St. Peter, in the Lateran Basilica, by one of the seven cardinal-bishops in weekly service, at which Mass also the "Gloria in Excelsis" should be sung. This statement takes it for granted that at the end of the eighth century the weekly service of the cardinal- bishops was already an ancient custom. That these bishops also received the name of episcopi cardinales is intelligible enough after what has been said. Though the number of cardinal-bishops has always been seven, their particular sees have not shared the same fixity. In the entourage and service of the pope we meet not only bishops of Ostia, Porto, Albano, Pnseneste, and Silva Candida, but also bishops of Velletri, Gabii, Tivoli, Anagni, Nepi, and Segni (Phillips, Kirchenrecht, VI, 178 sqq.; Hinschius. Kirchenrecht. I. 324 sqq.). It is only since the be- ginning of the twelfth century that the cardinalitial dioceses were finally fixed as the seven in the imme- diate vicinity of Rome, hence suburbiearice; Ostia, Porto, Santa Rufina (Silva Candida), Albano, Sabina, Tusculum (Frascati). Prameste (Palestrina). (Cf. Johannes Diaconus. " De eccl. Later.", c. xvi, ed. Mabillon. in "Museum Ital.", II, 574; L. Duchesne, "Le sedi episcopali nell' antico ducato di Roma", 1892, 6 sqq.) In the twelfth century the number of the cardinalitial dioceses was diminished by one, whenCallistUs II united Santa Rufina (Silva Candida) with Porto, so that only six remained. In the Middle Ages, therefore, the cardinals should have numbered fifty-three or fifty-four. As a rule, however, they were fewer; after the thirteenth century their num- ber often sank considerably. Under Alexander IV (1254-61) there were but seven cardinals. During the Western Schism their number increased, inas- much as each of the contending claimants created his own college of cardinals. The Council of Con-

stance demanded that their number be fixed at twenty-four (Martin V, in his Decree of Reform, 1418, C. 1 "De nuinero et qualitate cardinalium"; cf. B. Hiibler, " Die Konstanzer Reformation und die Konkordate von 1418", Leipzig, 1867, 128). The same number was demanded by the Council of Basle in 1436 (Sess. XXIII, c. iv, " De numero et qualitate cardinalium ", in Hardouin, "Acta Cone", Paris, 1714, VIII, 1206 sq.). In 1555 an agreement was reached between Paul IV and the cardinals, whereby their number was fixed at forty, but this agreement was never carried out. On the other hand, Sixtus V, by his yet valid constitutions "Postquam verus", of 3 Dec, 1586 (§4), and " Religiosa sanctorum", of 13 April, 1587, fixed the number of cardinals at seventy, six cardinal-bishops, fifty cardinal-priests, and four- teen cardinal-deacons, in imitation of the seventy elders of Moses, and declared null and void all nomi- nations in excess of this number (Bullarium Rom., Turin, 1857, VIII, 810 sqq., 83.3 sqq.). As a matter of fact, such nominations would not be invalid, and have been made (Archiv f. kathol. Kirchenrecht, LXIX, 167 sq.).

IV. Cardinalitial Dioceses, Titles, and Deacon- ries. — The actual cardinalitial dioceses are Ostia and Velletri, Porto and Santa Rufina, Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina (Pneneste), and Sabina. The cardinalitial titles are as follows: S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Agnese fuori le mura, S. Agostino, S. Anastasia, SS. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, SS. XII Apostoli, S. Balbina, S. Bartolommeo all'Isola, S. Bernardo alle Terme, SS. Bonifacio ed Allessio, S. Calisto, S. Cecilia, S. Clemente, S. Crisogono, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, S. Eusebio, S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, S. Girolamo degli Sehiavoni, S. Lorenzo in Damaso, S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, SS. Marcellino e Pietro, S. Marcello, S. Marco, S. Maria degli Angeli, S. Maria della Pace, S. Maria della Scala, S. Maria della Yittoria, S. Maria del Popolo, S. Maria in Araceli, S. Maria in Cosmedin, S. Maria in Transpontina, S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Maria in Via, S. Maria sopra Minerva, S. Maria Nuova e S. Franccsca Romana, SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, S. Onofrio, S. Pancrazio, S. Pietro in Montorio, S. Pietro in Vincoli, S. Prassede, S. Prisca, S. Pudenziana, SS. Quattro Coronati, SS. Quirico e Giulftta, S. Sabina. SS. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, S. Silvestro in Capite, S. Sisto, S. Stefano al Monte Celio, S. Susanna, S. Tommaso in Parione, SS. Trinita al Monte Pincio, S. Vitale, SS. Gervasio e Protasio. The cardinalitial deaconries are: S. Maria in Via Lata, S. Adriano al Foro Romano, S. Agata alia Suburra, S. Angelo in Pescheria, S. Cesareo in Palatio, SS. Cosma e Da- miano, S. Eustachio, S. Giorgio in Velabro, S. Maria ad Marty res, S. Maria in Aquiro, S. Maria in Cosme- din, S. Maria in Dominica. S. Maria in Portico, S. Nicola in Carcere TuUiano, SS. Vito, Modesto e I i cenzio. There are, therefore, in all, seventy-five churches ( 6 + 53+ 16) disposable for the three orders of cardinals. And since, as a rule, the cardinals number less than seventy, there are usually several churches without any cardinal. (Cf. P. M. Bauin- garten, "Der Papst, die Regierung und die Verwal- tungderheiligen Kirelie in Rom", Munich, 1905, 186 sq., following the data of the "Gerarchia Cattoliea", Rome, 1904.)

V. Relations of the Cardinals to the Bish- ops. — The cardinals wen-, therefore, from a very early period, assistants of (lie pope in his liturgical func- tions, in the care of the poor, the administration of papal finances and possessions, and the synodal dis- position of important matters. They took on a very

much greater importance, however, after the decree

of Nicholas II (1059), "In nomine Domini'', regu- lating papal elections. In accordance with this docu- ment the election of tin- pope and the government of the Church, during the vacancy of the Apostolic See