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 CARDICA

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CARDINAL

the highest praise from St. Alphonsus Liguori. In a singularly clear style and with great profundity of thought he examines some of the moral opinions prevalent in his day, especially those tinged with ex- treme I.axism, in his well-known "Crisis theologica tripartita, sive Disputationes selects" (Lyons, 1670). This work, which appeared in two parts, opened up a storm of controversy, and in the edition of 1680 he reasserted his position in a supplement which de- fended moderate Probabilism against the twofold at- tacks of Laxists and Rigorists. Though the argument is unquestionably strong, and the opinions advanced moderate and sound, the many digressions that con- troversy suggests make this part of the book rather uninteresting. In the Venetian editions of 1694, 1700, and 1710 there was first published, together with these three parts, an explanation of the propo- sitions condemned by the pope in 1679. This last work, of which Father P. J. Kugler, S. J., composed a compendium in 1704, has often been published sepa- rately under the title: "Crisis theologica in qua plures selectee difficultates ex morali theologia ad fydium veritatis lapidem revocantur ex regula morum posit a a SS. D. N. Innocentis XI P. M." etc. (.Seville, 168.7; Venice, 1693, 1696).

Antonio. Bibliotheca Bispana nam (Madrid, 17S3), I, 671; Rtbadenbira-Sotwell, Bibliotheca Scriptorum S. J. (Rome, 16701. I. 431; De Backer and Sommervogel, Bibliotheque de la c. dej. (Brussels. Paris, 1891); II. col. 734-37; De Backer, Bibliothf que des ecrivains de la c. de J. (LiCKe, 1869), I, col. 1078; Hurter, Xomenctah.r (Innsbruck, 1876 1, II. pt. I, 231 ; Dollinger-Recsch. Geschiehle der Moralstreitigkeiten in der /,', „u ),:.„■>:. I, .rhen Kirche (Nordlingen, 1889), I. 39, 41, 46.

Leo F. O'Neil.

Cardica, a titular see of Thessaly. Cardica is a Latinized medieval form for Gardicium, the true Greek name being Gardikion. It figures only in later "Notitia- episcopatuum" of the twelfth or thir- teenth century as a suffragan of Larissa. Lequien (II, 979) mentions five Latin Bishops of Cardica, from 1208 to 1389, the first being Bartholomew, to whom many letters of Pope Innocent III are addressed. Lequien was unacquainted with any Greek bishop of the see. Manuscript lists, however, contain eight names. They are: John, 1191-1192; Metrophanes, degraded in 1623; Gregorius orCyrillus, 1623; Sophronius, 1646-1649; Gregorius, about 1700; Meletius, 1743; Paisius, eighteenth century; Gre- gorius, about 1852. When Thessaly was united with Greece (1S82) the see had been vacant since 1875. It was suppressed in 1899, and Gardikion, commonly Gardiki, is now but a little town with about 3,000 inhabitants in the Diocese of Phthiotis. S. Petrides.

Cardinal, a dignitary of the Roman Church and counsellor of the pope. By the term cardinal (Car- I was originally understood every priest perma- nently attached to a church, every clericus, either inti- tulatusoTincardinatw. [C.3 (Gelasius 1,492-496), D. XXIV. C.35 (Gregory 1, 595), D. LXXI. C. 6 (Greg- ory I. 603. D.LXXIV. C. 42 (Gregory 1,592), C. VIII, q. 1.] It became the usual designation of every priest belonging to a central or episcopal church, an ecclesi- astical cardo il.at. for hinge). Cf. Hincmarof Reims, "De jure metropolitan! ", c. 20 (Opp. ed. Sirmond, II, 731); C. 2. § 6 ( Pseudo-Isidore), D. XXII. Lastly it was equivalent to principalis, i.e., excellent, super- ior, and is soused bvSt. Augustine (De baptismo, I, 6: ed. Bened. I\

The origin, development, and modifications of this office will be treated as follows: I. Cardinal-priests; II. Cardinal-deacons: III. Cardinal-bishops; IV. Cardinalitial dioceses, titles, and deaconries; V. Rela- tions of the cardinals to the bishops; VI. Relations of the cardinals to the pope: VII, Nomination of cardinals; VIII. Duties of cardinals; IX. Rights of cardinals; X. The College of cardinals.

I. Cardinal-Priests. — Until late in the Middle

Ages the title of cardinal was given to prominent priests of important churches, e. g., at Constanti- nople, Milan, Ravenna, Naples, Sens, Trier, Magde- burg, and Cologne (cf. G. Phillips, Kirchcnrecht, Ratisbon, 1845 sq., VI, 41 sqq.; P. Hinschius, "Das Kirchenreeht der Katholiken und Protestanten in Deutschland", Berlin, 1869, I, 318 sqq.). In keep- ing with this custom we find the term Cardinales applied at Rome from the end of the fifth century to priests permanently attached to the (twenty-five to twenty-eight) Roman tiluli, or quasi-parishes (quasi dioceses), belonging to the church of the Bishop of Rome, the pope — therefore to the Cardo ecclesia? par excellence — in which tiluli the Sacraments of Baptism and Penance were administered, and which were also of ten called tUidi cardinales. The "Liber Pontifica- lis" describes as follows this quasi-parochial system of ancient Rome: "Hie [Euaristus, 99-107?] titulos in urbe Roma divisit presbyteris . . . "; and again: "Hie [Dionysius, 259-268] presbyteris ec- clesias dedit et eymeteria et paroccias dioeesis con- stituit"; and elsewhere: "[Marcellus, 308-309] XXV titulos in urbe Roma constituit quasi dioeesis propter baptismum et poenitentiam multorum qui converte- bantur ex paganis et propter sepulturas martyrum" (op. cit,, ed. Duchesne, Paris, 18S6, I, 126, 157, 164). In other words, an ecclesiastical division of the city for various parochial purposes is attributed to popes of the second and third centuries. Such a division, scarcely possible in the period of persecution, is vouched for at the end of the fifth century by the signatures of Roman presbyters present at the Coun- cil of Rome in 499 under Pope Symmachus (cf. A. Thiel, Epistoke Romanorum Pontificum genuinse, Brunsberg, 1868, 651 sqq.). These presbyters were thenceforth known as cardinales [C. 5. (Const itu- tum apocryphum Silvestri I. about the end of the fifth century, c. 7), D. XCIII, C. 2 (Concilium apo- cryphum Silvestri I, about the end of the fifth cen- tury), C. II, q. 4; C. 3, 4, 5 (Roman Svnod under Pope Stephen III. 7(59), D. LXXIX; Letter of Leo IX (1053) to Michael Cserularius in Jaffe, " Regesta Pon- tificum Romanorum", 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1885), no. 4302]. However, not all the numerous priests attached to these titular churches were known as cardinales, but, in keeping with the then current use of car- dinalis as the equivalent of principalis (see above), only the first priest in each such church — let us say the archipresbyter. According to a constitution of John VIII, published between S73 and 882, these cardinal-priests [presbyteri cardinales i were the super- visors of ecclesiastical discipline at Rome and also ecclesiastical judges. We read in this constitution "De jure cardinalium" as follows: "Itemque ex nostra prsesenti constitutione bis in mense vel eo amplius vel apud ilium vel ilium titulum sive apud illam vel illam diaconiam sive apud alias quaslibet ecclesias vos convenire mandamus, et ob vestram et inferiorum clericorum vitam et mores et qualitates et habitus vestium perscrutandum et quallter quilibet propositi se erga subditos habeant vel quod subditi suis praepositis non obediant et ad quseque illicita amputanda, clericorum quoque et laieorum queri- monias, quae ad nostrum judicium pert incut, quantum fieri potest definiendas, quippe cum sicut nostram mansuctudinem Moysi, ita et vestram paternitatem LXX seniorum. qui sub eodem causarum negotia diiudicabant. vicissitudinem gerere, certum habea- mus. Item monasteria abbatlbus viduata et abba- tum nostra precedents conscientia substitutionem his, qui sunt inter vel fuerinl monastics professionis, disponenda committimus" (Jaff£, op. cit., no. 3366). That is, the pope commands them to meet at least twice a month, in their own or other churches, to in- vestigate their own lives and those of the clergy, the relations of superiors and inferiors, and in general to check all violations of the laws; also to settle, as far