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 CARBONNELLE

331

CARCASSONNE

forbidden under severe penalties to become members of these secret associations, to attend their meetings. or to furnish a meeting-place f<T such. Notwith- standing all this tlic propaganda of tin- Carbonari went nn. chiefly in the district of Macerata, where an outbreak occurred, 25 June, 1817, which, however, was easily suppressed by the papal troops (cf. the im- portant rcpiirt. "f Leggieri, Processo romano contro i congiurati di .Macerata di 1S17, nstrctto presentato alia congregazione criminale, Rome, 1818).'

When t In' Spanish revolution broke out in 1820, the Neapolitan Carbonari once more took up arms, in or- der to wring a constitution from King Ferdinand I. They advanced against the capital From Xola under a military officer, Morelli, and the Abbot Minichini. They were joined by General Pepe and many officers and government officials, and the king on 13 July took an oath to observe the Spanish constitution in Naples (cf. Pepe's defence of himself, Relation des ev6neinents politiques et militaires qui ont eu lieu a Naples en 1820 et 1821, Paris. 1X22). The movement also spread to Piedmont, and Victor Emmanuel re- signed the throne in favour of his brother Charles Felix. It was only through the intervention of Aus- tria, which sent troops to Italy, that the movement was crushed and the Neapolitan constitution sup- pressed. The Carbonari, however, secretly continued their agitation against Austria and the governments in friendly connexion with it. They formed, even in Rome, a vendita, published in the press the most violent accusations against the lawful rulers, and won over to their cause members of deposed sovereign families, among whom was Prince Louis, later Napo- leon III. Pope Pius VII issued a general condemna- tion of the secret society of the Carbonari, 13 Sep- tember, 1821. The association lost its influence by degrees and was gradually absorbed into the new political organizations that sprang up in Italy; its members became affiliated especially with Mazzini's "Young Italy". From Italy the organization was carried to France where it appeared as the Charbon- nerie, which, as in Italy, was divided into ventes. Members were especially numerous in Paris, where the society was formed in 1821 by three young men named Hazard, Buchez, and Flotard. The chief aim of the association in France also was political, namely, to obtain a constitution in which the conception of tin- sovereignty of the people could find expression. From Paris as a centre the Charbonnerie spread rap- idly through the country, and by the end of the year 1821 it was the cause of several mutinies among the troops. The movement lost its importance after sev- eral conspirators had been executed, especially as quarrels broke out among the leaders. The Char- bonnerie took part in the Revolution of July, 1830; after the fall of the Bourbons, however, its influence rapidly declined. After this a Charbonnerie ,l'im>- tornied among the French Republicans, the aim of which was to obtain a republican const it u- ii tin- country; however, after 1^41, nothing more was heard of it. Carbonari were also to be found in Spain, but their numbers and importance were more limited than in the other Romance coun- tries.

1>)RI\>. ir . Drnkwurdiakeiten der geheimen Gesellschajten in Unteritalien, insbesondere der Carbonari, awt dem Original ubersrtzt (Weimar, I s -'-' ■; JABCKE, Der Ordm der Carbonari und die neapolitaniechA olulion 1820 u.

1821, in <iften (Munich, 1839), II; Saint-Edme,

Constitution et organisation des Carbonari (Paris. ls_'! ; Db0- CHAMPS ' i . Paris, 1881),

[I, 232 -'i'i. Ill, 147 aqq.j Frost. .SV, - 1 tropean

Revolutions (1876 . II; Ghbco, // ten ionari di

Calabria eiterinre net 1813 (Cosenca, 1866): HeBGENBSTHBB, Der Kirehenstaal seit der /ran- il.iirc: im

Baden. 1*W. 153 gag : BrOcE, Die geheimen (ieseltsrhaften in Spanirn (Mainz, lssl. 7s. 260 sq : ScBUSTKB, Mr geheimen Vrrtimdungrn ■ 1902-1906), H\ NORNBBBOBB,

Papsttum and Kirehenstaal iMainz. IS97\ I. 119 sqq. 143 sqq. J. P. KlRSCH.

Carbonnelle, Ignatius, professor of mathematics and science, writer on mathematical and scientific subjects, and editor; b. at Tournai, Belgium, 1 Feb. 1829; d. at Brussels, 4 March. 1889. He entered the Society of Jesus 8 Sept. Ml, applying himself to mathematical studies and contributing papers to the " Bulletins de l'academie royale de Belgique". After his ordination to the priesthood he spent six years, 1861 to 1867, teaching at Calcutta and was the first editor of the "Indo-European Correspondence", 1865-1867. On his return to Europe he became pro- fessor of mathematics and astronomy at Louvain, but was soon appointed to the staff of " Etudes" and thereafter was allowed to devote his time to writing. He published many articles in " Etudes", the "Revue catholique", the "Annales de la soci^te scientifique de Bruxelles" and the ''Revue des questions scien- tifiques". In 1875 he founded the Scientific Society of Brussels, of which he became secretary in 1877, and from that year until his death he was editor of "An- nales" and the "Revue". Some of his essays were republished under the title, "Les confins de la science et de la philosophic" (second edition in 2 vols., Paris, 1881).

Revue des questions scientifique* (Brussels. 1869), 25: Prieis hisloriques (Brussels, ISN'.I, pin, S< jmmERVOGEL, Bibl. de la c. deJ.. s v.

John Corbett.

Carcassonne (Carcassum), Diocese of, com- prising the entire department of Aude, and suffragan to Toulouse. On the occasion of the Concordat of 1802 the former Diocese of Carcassonne, nearly all the old Archdiocese of Xarbonne, almost the entire

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Diocese of Saint-Papoul, a part of the ancient Dioceses of Alet and Mirepoix, and the former Dion se of Per- pignan were united to make the one Dions' oi I larcas- sonne; in 1822 the Diocese of Perpignan was re-estab- lished, (lj The THocese o) Carcassonne was founded after 533. The Visigoths sought to compensate themselves for the loss of Lodeve ami 1 zrs by having Carcassonne erected into a bishopric. The first of its bishops known to history was Sergius (589). From 1848 to L855 the sit was occupied by Bishop de Bonnechose. later Cardinal, and from 1855 to 1873, by the mystical writer. Bishop de la Bouillerie. (2) The Arc!'' Varbonne. Local tradition

identifies Paulus, first Bishop of Narbonne, with Sergius Paulus mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (xiii. 7), but Gregory of 'fours assigns ii

of St. Paulus to the middle of the third century. Among other incumbents of the See of Narbonne

w.n St. Rnsticus (427-611: St. Theodardus (885-93); Guifredus (Guiffroy) of Cerdagne, who was excom- municated several times (1019-79); Guy Foulques (1259-65), who became pope under the title of