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 CAQUETA

328

CARACAS

Btore and maintain peace. Their endeavours in this line were not ineffectual, an overwhelming defeat which the "Koutiers", or undisciplined bands of soldiery of the period, sustained in 1183 must be largely ascribed to the co-operation of the Capuciati with the royal army. The existence of the confra- ternity was of short duration. Its disappearance is involved in obscurity; but it senns to have directed its efforts against the members of the nobility, and to have been wiped out of existence by them, aided by the "Routiers". Its advocacy of heretical princi- ples is not clearly and trustworthily indicated in his- torical records. The accusation that it respected neither ecclesiastical nor civil authority may perhaps be explained by its resistance to real or imagined abuses of power.

II. Capuciati was also a designation applied to that special class of English Lollards who profited by the preaching and denunciations of the former Augus- tinian monk, Peter Pateshull (c. 1387), to indulge in deeds of iconoclasm. They owed their name to their practice of keeping the hoods on their heads in pres- ence of the Blessed Sacrament. For fuller details as to these Capuciati, see Lollards.

I. Geoffrey of Viqeois, Chronic. Lcmoincense in Recueil des hist, de la Gaule (Paris. 1S79>. XVIII. 219; Chronic. Lau- dunense (ibid), 70.5-06; Hist. Epuc A utisswdorensium (ibid.), 729-30; Geracd, Les Routiers in Biblioth. de I'Ecole des Charles (Paris. 1S12), III, 125-47; Alphandery. Les idees morales ehr: l,s I.' t, ,., Im, .-■ latins au debut du XIII e siecle (Paris. 1903). 13-21.

II. Thomas of Walsingham, ed. Riley (London, 1864). II, 157-59; Vernet in Diet, dt thiol, cath. (Paris, 1905!. II, 1696.

N. A. Weber.

Caqueta, Apostolic Prefecture of, situated in South America on the southern border of the Republic of Colombia, in the angle formed by the Central Cordilleras and the Cordilleras del Caqueta, on the river Caqueta, which, after changing its name into Japura, empties into the Amazon. According to an agreement of 27 December, 1902, between the Government and the Holy See, this prefecture comprises almost the entire Colombian province of Mocoa; it formerly belonged to the extensive Diocese of Pasto. The decree of erection is dated 20 Decem- ber, 1904, and the Capuchins of the Spanish province of Cataluna are entrusted with the evangelization of the aborigines, who as yet are in a very low state of civilization, some being even addicted to cannibal- ism. In 1906 there were two permanent mission- stations at Mocoa and Sibundoy, with 10 fathers and 3 lay brothers in charge of 14 chapels. About 12,000 converted Indians live among 40,000 heathens. In 1906, 245 baptisms, 130 marriages, and 118 funerals were recorded, and the five Catholic schools numbered ITS children. It is subject not to the Propaganda but to the Congregation of Extraordi- nary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

ifcpcri - "I I'm hi. -Inn M i -h maries. in A naleeta Capuccinorum, passim; Streit, Atlas des Missions cath. (Steyl, 1906), 26, and plate 28

Otto Jeron.

Carabantes (or Caravantes), Josf. de, Friar Minor Capuchin and theologian, b. in Aragon, in 1628; d. in 1694. He did much for the evangeliza- tion of the Indian tribes in Spanish America. He wrote a work entitled "Ars addicendi atque docendi idiomata", and likewise a "Lexicon, sen vocabu- larium verborum, adverbiorum, etc.", for the use of missionaries among the Indians (Madrid, 1678). A biography of Father Carabantes was published at Madrid in 1705 by Diego Gonzales de Quiraga.

ijt-ii: x.. v. /.'■.. ,■,..,■./, / .,/ ''„,„/,„„(,,, (Madrid, 1705); Cat in [X, 259.

Si i niEN M. Donovan.

Caracalla (Marcus Arm mis Severus Antoni- nus, nicknamed Caracalla), Roman Emperor, son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, b. 188; d.

217. He became joint ruler in 211 with his brother Geta, whom he caused to be murdered in 212, and thereby became sole emperor. He was slain himself in the neighbourhood of Carrha? in Mesopotamia. In spite of his cruelty, immorality, avarice and treach- ery Caracalla was a brave soldier and successful ad- ministrator and did much to restore the security of the Empire by his campaigns against the Germans and in the Orient. He had little sympathy with Roman ideals or customs and his influence aided con- siderably in weakening the moral unity of the Empire and destroying the ancient traditions of Rome. The most noteworthy act of his reign was the extension by the Constitutio Antoniana (212) of the rights of Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the Em- pire. It is impossible to estimate what effect this rather doubtful boon had upon the fortunes of Chris- tianity. While the martyrs henceforth could be ex- ecuted as Romans the right of appeal to Csesar was abrogated and new and heavy burdens of taxation were imposed. No changes in the laws regarding Christians were introduced by Caracalla and the pol- icy followed in the reign of his father was continued with unabated severity and many were put to death. The weakened allegiance to the national religion of Rome and the spirit of syncretism fostered by the policy of this Emperor bore fruit in later reigns.

Tertullian..4</ Scapulam; DioCassics, Hist. Bk. LXXVII; Hehodian, Bks. VII and VIII; Spartianus, Vita Caracalla: in Seriptores Hist. Aug.: Tillemont, Hist, des Empereurs. Ill, SS; Gibbon, Chap, vi; Allard, Hist, des persecutions pen- dant la premiere moitie du III 1 slide (Paris. 1S86), II, 15S-69; Schiller. Ce\ehuhte der mmischen Kaiserzeit. I, pt. II. 739-S9.

P. J. Healy.

Caracas (or Santiago de Venezuela), Arch- diocese of (Sancti Jacobi de Benezuela), in the Republic of Venezuela, a metropolitan see with Bar- quisimeto, Calabozo, Guayana, Merida, and Zulia as suffragans. It was made an episcopal see in 1530,

Church of Candelaria, Caracas

soon after the Spanish conquest, though until 1637 the residence was at Coro, was vacanl from 1721 to 1727. and was raised to the rank of an archdiocese in 1803. Archbishop Juan Bautista Castro, appointed in 1904, was the eighth metropolitan and the thirty-fourth

Bishop of Caracas. Rattandior gives (1907) the pop- ulation of the archdiocese as 125,640; that oi the city is (1904) 60,000. The latter has a pleasant and healthful climate, is situated at the foot of the Silla de Caracas ( 1017 ft.), and is connected with the sea-

The city suffers from earthquakes, in one of which
 * h,ii La Guaira by a railway of twenty-three miles.

(1812) 12,000 lives were lost. It was founded in 1567 by Diego Losada, and in 1595 was plundered and burned by the English under Drake; Bishop Juan de Manzanilio. a Dominican, soon rebuilt the Cathedral

of Santa Anna that still stands in the Plaza Bolivar.