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 BRUNO

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BRUNO

his own request, was carried back and buried in the monastic church of St. Pantaleon at Cologne. From time immemorial the Diocese of Tournay has had a special office for St. Bruno on June the 18th, and as the day of his death was always celebrated at St. Pantaleon as the anniversary of a saint, the feast of Bruno, Confessor, is now observed throughout the Diocese of Cologne as a double on the 11th day of October.

Rcotger, Vita Brurwnis in Acta SS., Oct.. V, 698. also found in Mon. Germ. Hist.. IV, 252. and in I'. I... (XXXIV, 938; Altera Vita Brurwnis (a later life, written in the 12th century at St. Pantaleon ), in Mon. Germ. Hist.. IV, 275; P. Z...CXXXIV, 978; von Hefele. s. v. in Kirchenlex .. II; Hauck, Kirchenge- sclnchte Deutsrhlands I Leipzig, 1896), III, 40; Id. in Hehzog- HAUCK Reul-Enci/k. lur prat. Thiol, unit Klrche I Leipzig, 18971; Piei.er. Brurm 1 (Arnsherg, 1851 I; Meyer, He Brunune I (Ber- lin, 1870); Pfeiffer, Hisl.-krit. Beitrage zur Geschichte Brims I (Cologne, 1870); Strebitzki. Quellenhr. I'ntersuch. (Neustadt in Westpreussen, 1875); Giesebrecht, Kaiserziit (3d ed., Brunswick, 18631, I, 321; K.n'KE and Di'mmi.eh, Kaiser Otto d. Gr. (Leipzig, 1876i. imssirn; Giesebrecht, Allgena-irie Deutsche Bionrajihie, III, 424; Mittag, Die Arbeitsleeise Ruot- gersindrr Vita Brunonis ( Berlin, 1896); Annlecla Bollandtana, XVI, 202 and XVIII, 57; Wattenbach, Gesch.-(.>tifllen (6th ed., Berlin, 1893), I, 321; Ki.einermanns, Die Heiligen auf dem bisehi'llichen bezw. erzbischo}lichen Slulde von Koln (Co- logne, 1895-98).

George H. Derry.

Bruno, Saint, Bishop of Segni, in Italy, b. at Solero, Piedmont, about 1048; d. 1123. He received his preliminary education in a Benedictine monastery of his native town. After completing his studies at Bologna and receiving ordination, he was made a canon of Sienna. In appreciation of his great learning and eminent piety, he was called to Rome, where, as an able and prudent counsellor, his advice was sought by four successive popes. At a synod held in Rome in 1079 he obliged Berengarius of Tours, who denied the real presence of Our Lord in the Holy Eucharist, to retract his heresy. He enjoyed the personal friendship of Gregory VII, and was consecrated Bishop of Segni by him in the Campagna of Rome, in 1080. His humility caused him to decline the car- dinalate. He is called "the brilliant defender of the Church" because of the invincible courage he evinced in aiding Gregory VII and the succeeding popes in their efforts for ecclesiastical reform, and especially in denouncing lay investiture, which he even declared to be heretical.

He accompanied Pope Urban II in 1095, to the Council of Clermont in which the First Crusade was inaugurated. In 1102 he became a monk of Monte Cassino and was elected abbot in 1107, with- out, however, resigning his episcopal charge. With many bishops of Italy and France, Bruno rejected the treaty known in history as the "Privilegium", which Henry V of Germany had extorted from Pope Paschal II during his imprisonment. In a letter addressed to the pope he very frankly censured him for concluding a convention which conceded to the German king in part the inadmissible claim to the right of investiture of ring and crosier upon bishops and abbots, and demanded that the treaty should be annulled. Irritated by his opposition, Paschal II commanded Bruno to give up his abbey and to return to his episcopal see. With untiring zeal he continued to labour for the welfare of his flock, as well as for the common interest of the Church al large, till his death. Be was canonized by Pope Lucius III in 1183. His feast is celebrated on the 18th of July. St. Bruno was the author of numerous works, chiefly Scriptural. Of these are to be mentioned his com- mentaries mi the Pentateuch, t he Book of Job, the Psalms, the four Gospels, and the Apocalypse.

Hefele, Hist, of tl. v. I, vj; ' • -.gmann,

Diss. Il"> Eccl., I\, D. 23, 30; Cheralur, Bio. bibliogr. i Pari . 1905, 2nd ed.) s. v.

J. A. BlIiKHAP.USER.

Bruno, Saint, Confes or, ecclesiastical writer, and founder .if the Carthusian Order. He was born at

Cologne about the year 1030; d. 6 October, 1101. He is usually represented with a death's head in his hands, a book and a cross, or crowned with seven stars; or with a roll bearing the device O Bonitas. His feast is kept on the 6th of October. According to tradition, St. Bruno belonged to the family of Harten- faust, or Harde- viist, one of the principal families of the city, and it is in remembrance of this origin that different members of the family of Hartenfaust have received from the Carthusians either some special pray- ers for the dead, as in the case of Peter Bruno Hart- enfaust in 1714. and Louis Alexan- der Hartenfaust. Baron of Laach. in 1740; or a personal affiliation with the order, as with Louis Bruno of Hardevust, Baron of Laach and Bur- gomaster of t lii- town of Bergues-S. Winnoc, in the Diocese of Cam- brai, with whom the Hardevust family in the male line became extinct on 22 March, 1784.

St. Bruno (Statue b in Church of S. Ma Angeli, Rome)

We have little information about the childhood and youth of St. Bruno. Born at Cologne, he would have studied at the city college, or collegial of St. Cunibert. While still quite young (a pueris) he went to complete his education at Reims, attracted by the reputation of the episcopal school and of its director, Heriman. There he finished his classical studies and perfected himself in the sacred sciences which at that time consisted principally of the study of Holy Scriptures and of the Fathers. He became there, according to the testimony of his contempo- raries, learned both in human and in Divine science. His education completed, St. Bruno returned to Cologne, where he was provided with a canonry at St. Cunibert's, and, according to the most probable opinion, was elevated to the priestly dignity. This was about the year 1055. In 1056 Bishop Gervais recalled him to Reims, to aid his former master Heriman in the direction of the school. The latter was already turning his attention towards a more perfect form of life, and when he at last left the world to enter the religious life, in 1057, St. Bruno found himself head of the episcopal school, oricoUUre, a post difficult as it was elevated, for it then included the direction of the public schools and the oversight of all the educational establishments of the diocese. For about twenty years, from 1057 to KI7.Y he maintained the prestige which the school of Reims had attained under its former masters. Remi of Auxcrre. Hucbald of St. Amand, Gerbert, and lastly Heriman. Of the excellence of his teaching we have a proof in the funereal titles composed in his hon- our, which celebrate his eloquence, his poetic, phil- osophical, and above all his exegetical and theologi- cal, talents; and also in the merits of his pupils, amongst whom were Eudes of Chatillon, afterwards Urban II, Rangier, Cardinal and Bishop of Ueggio,