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 CANONS

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CANONS

whose decrees (capitularies) were often published by the bishops. In this period many new collections of canons were made, some forty of which, as already said, are known to us.

The "Collectio Anselmo Dedicata". — Though as yet unedited, this collection is generally accounted quite valuable by reason of its abundance of materials and its good order; it was also one of the most widely used. Its twelve books treat the following subjects: hierarchy, judgments, ecclesiastical persons, spiritual things (rules of faith, precepts, sacraments, liturgies), and persons separated from the Church. Its sources are the "Dionysiana", the "Hispana", the corres- pondence (Registrum) of Gregory I, and various col- lections of civil laws. Unfortunately it has also drawn on Pseudo-Isidore. It is dedicated to Anselm, doubtless Anselm II of Milan (S33-97), and is now held to have been compiled in Italy towards the end of the ninth century. It is certainly anterior to Burchard (1012-23), whose work depends on this collection. The author is unknown.

The "Collection of Regino of Prum" is entitled "De ecclesiasticis disciplinis et religione Christiana" (on the discipline of the Church and the Christian relig- ion), and according to the preface was put together by order of Ratbod, metropolitan of Trier, as a handy manual for episcopal use in the course of diocesan visitations. Its two books treat: (1) of the clergy and ecclesiastical property, and (2) of the laity. Each book begins with a list {elenchus) of questions that indicate the points of chief importance in the eyes of the bishop. After this catechism, the Abbot of Prum (d. 915) adds the canons and ecclesiastical authorities relative to each question. The collection was made about 906 and seems to depend on an earlier one edited by Richter under the title, " Antiqua Canonum collectio qua in libris de synodalibus causis compilan- dis usus est Regino Prumiensis" (Marburg, 1S44). The text of Regino is found in P. L., CXXXII; a more critical edition is that of Wasserschleben, "Reginonis Abbatis Prum. libri duo de synodalibus causis'' (Leipzig, 1840).

The "Capitula Abbonis". — Abbo, Abbot of Fleury (d. 1004), dedicated to Hugues Capet (d. 996) and his son Robert (therefore before the end of the tenth century) a collection in fifty-six chapters, dealing with the clergy, ecclesiastical property, monks and t heir relations with the bishops. Besides the canons and papal decretals, he made use of the Capitularies, the Roman civil law, and the laws of the Visigoths; his collection is peculiar in that he enclosed within his own context the texts quoted by him. This collec- tion is found in the second volume of the "Vetera Analeeta" of Mabillon (Paris, 1675-85), and is re- printed in P. L., (XXXI.

The " Collectarium Canonum" or "Libri decreto- rum" of Burchard of Worms. — This collection is in twenty books and was compiled by Burchard, an ecclesiastic of Mainz, later Bishop of Worms (1002- 25), at the suggestion of Brunicho, provost of Worms, and with the aid of Walter, Bishop of Speyer, and the monk Albert. This is the work often called "Bro- cardus". Burchard follows quite closely the follow- ing order: hierarchy, liturgy, sacraments, delicts, sanctions, ami criminal procedure. The nineteenth book was familiarly known as "Mcdicus" or "Cor- rector", because it dealt with the spiritual ailments

of different classes of the faithful: it has been edited

by Wasserschleben in " Bussordnungen der abend- landischen Kirche" (Leipzig, 1851). The twentieth, which treats of Providence, predestination, and the end of the world, is therefore a theological treatise. The collection, composed bet wren 1013 and 1023 (perhaps in 1021 <>r 1022), is not a mere compilation, but a revision of the ecclesiastical law from the stand- point of actual needs, and an attempt to reconcile various juridical antinomies or contradictions. Bur-

chard is a predecessor of Gratian and. like the latter, was a very popular canonist in his time. It is to be regretted that he depends on the above-mentioned ninth-century collections and even added to their apocryphal documents and erroneous attributions. The two collections just described (Regino and Col- lectio Anselmo dedicata) were known and largely used by him. Pseudo-Isidore also furnished him more than 200 pieces. The entire collection is in P. L., CXL.

The "Collectio Duodecim Partium", yet unedited, is by an unknown, but probably a German, author. It includes a great deal of Burchard, follows quite closely his order, and by most is held to have copied his material, though some believe it older than Burchard.

The Collection in Sei'enly-four Books, or "Diverso- rum sententia Patrum". — This collection, known to the Ballerini and Theiner, is the subject of a careful study by Paul Fournier ("Le premier manuel canon- ique de la rcforme du onzieme siecle" in "Melanges dArcheoIogie et d'Histoire publics par l'Ecole Fran- chise de Rome ", 1894). He considers it a compilation of the middle of the eleventh century, done about the reign of St. Leo IX (1048-54), and in the entourage of that pope and Hildebrand; moreover, it was well known in and out of Italy and furnished to other col- lections not only their general order, but also much of their material. Fournier believes it the source of the collection of Anselm of Lucca, of the '"Tarraconensis" and the "Polycarpus" (see below), also of other col- lections specified by him. This collection is yet un- edited; Fournier gives (op. cit.) the beginnings and endings (Incipit, Explicit) of all the titles, also refer- ences to their sources.

The Collection of St. Anselm of Lucca. — This collec- tion, wrongly adjudicated from the Bishop of Lucca (1073-86), is divided into thirteen books, based on Burchard and the "Collectio Anselmo dedicata", and contains many apocryphal pieces; it also contains papal decretals not found in other collections, whence the Ballerini concluded that St. Anselm consulted directly the pontifical archives. It has no preface; from the beginning (Incipit) of a Vatican manuscript it is clear that St. Anselm compiled the work during the pontificate and by order of St. Gregory VII (d. 1085). It passed almost entire into the Decretum of Gratian. A critical edition is owing to Fr. Thaner, who published the first four books under the title "Anselmi episcopi Lucensis collectio canonum una cum collectione minore Jussu Instituti Saviniani (Savigny) recensuit F. T." (Innsbruck, 1906).

The Collection of Cardinal Deusdedit. — Created by St. Gregory VII, Cardinal Deusdedit was enabled to use the correspondence (Registrum) of this pope, also the Roman archives. His work is dedicated to Victor III (1086-87), the successor of Pope Gregory, and dates therefore from the reign of Victor; its four books on the papal primacy, the Roman clergy, ec- clesiastical property, and the Patrimony of Peter, reflect the contemporary anxieties of the papal en- tourage during this phase of the conflict between the Church and the empire. We owe to Pio Martinucci (Venice, 1869) a very imperfect edition of this collec- tion, and to Wolf de Granvell, professor at Gratz, a critical edition (Die Kanonessammlung des Kardinals Deusdedit, Paderborn, 1006).

Collection of Bonizo. — Bonizo, Bishop of Sutri near Piacenza, published, apparently a little later than 1089, a collection in ten books preceded by a brief preface. In this work he treats successively the cate- chism and baptism, then the duties of divers classes of the faithful: ecclesiastical rulers and inferior clergy, temporal authorities and their subjects, finally of the cure cif souls and the penitential canons. The

fourth book only (De excellentia EcclesisB Roman®)

has found an editor, Cardinal Mai. in the seventh vol-