Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/271

 CANADA

229

CANADA

holds first rank in the output of minerals. Ontario comes next, with its silver minis at Cobalt.

Manufactures. — Canadian factories employ a large number of labourers. The census of 1900 gave the number of employees as 313,344 and the capital in- vested S446.916.4S7. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec stand first. In 1900 Ontario produced $241,- 533.486, and Quebec $158,287,994 of the total value of manufactured articles.

Commerce.— OS the 8273,173,877, the value of ex- ports in 1907, all but 828,992,955 represented the natural products of the country. The most impor- tant commerce is with Great Britain and the United States, as is evident from the following figures. In 1907 the value of exports to England reached 8134,- 469,420, to the United States $109,772,944, to other countries $27,964,242. The total value of imports for 1906 reached $340,374,745; imports from England $83,229,256, from the United States $208,741,601, other countries $45,304,148; the custom receipts $46,671,101. The total commerce for 1907 reached $612,581,351.

Population. — A census of Canada is taken every tenth year. That of 1901 gives the population as 5,371,315, which has, however, greatly increased since. In 1906 it was estimated by the Department of the Interior as 6,440,000. The increase is chiefly the result of immigration and has taken place princi- pally in the Provinces of trie West, Manitoba, Sas- katchewan, and Alberta. During the nineteenth cen- tury the increase in population was 5,000,000. The population is for every 10,000 inhabitants, 5,123 men to 4,877 women. 87 per cent are natives of Canada and 94 per cent are British subjects. The yearly in-

PoPULATION FOR 1901

Native Country

Native Country

Canada

4,671,815

Russia and Poland

31.231

England

201,285

China

17,043

Ireland

101,629

Norway and Swe-

den

12,331

Scotland

83,631

France

7.944

Newfoundland

12,432

Italy, Spain, and

Portugal Austria-Hungary

7,124

Other British

28,407

possessions

6,906

Belgium

2.21 IS

I nited ;

127,899

Holland

385

Germany

27,300

crease in immigration has swelled these figures and altered this proportion, as is evident from the stat- istics of immigration to Canada between 1 January, 1897, and 31 March, 1907.

Immigration. 1897-1907

Calendar Year

British

The Continent

United States

Totals

1897

11,383

7,921

2,412

21,716

1898

11,173

11,608

9,119

31.900

1899

10,600

21,938

11,945

14,483

1900 (6 mo.)

5.141

10,211

8,548

flSCAL VEAK.

1900-01

11.810

19,352

17,987

19,1 19

1901-02

17,259

23,732

26,388

1902 O.i

41.792

37.099

19,473

12S.364

I'm; oi

50,374

34.728

15,229

1904-05

37,255

43,652

146,266

1905-06

38,621

19,216

32.726

90.563

1906-07 (9 mo.)

34,217

34,659

124,667

According to this table during the decade ending 1907, 35 per cent of the immigrants were of British origin, 33 per cent from the United States, and 32 per cent of other nationalities. During the oral nine

months of the fiscal year 1906-07, 90,008 immigrants received at the various ports were classed according to occupation: 18,191 agriculturists, 26,807 general labourers, 24,414 mechanics, 6,686 clerks, 2,878 miners, 4,583 female servants. 6,449 unclassified. Of these the Maritime Provinces received 6,491, Quebec 18,063, Ontario 32,265, Manitoba 17,036, Saskatchewan 4,257, Alberta 3,474, British Columbia 8,406, and Yukon 16. These figures do not include the 34,659 arrivals from the United States.

The Indians. — In all parts of Canada there are still to be found descendants of the aborigines whom the white men met on landing three hundred years ago. But their condition now is very different. Deprived of all they possessed, they are dependent on the na- tion which despoiled them. They are divided into four large families: (1) The Huron-Iroquois; (2) the Innuit or Eskimo; (3) the Tinneh; and (4) the Al- gonquins. The first three named belong to the Tu- ranian race and are allied to the Mongolians and the Turks: the fourth belongs to the Polynesian Malays of the Pacific Islands. Their language, physique, and disposition indicate two different races. The Iroquois loves the land, the Algonquin the water: the former is fond of war and all manly sports, the latter al- though aggressive is lazy: the Algonquin is taciturn and nomadic, the Iroquois is garrulous and sedentary in his habits. The Eskimo (consumers of raw flesh) live on the shores of the Arctic Ocean from Labrador to Alaska. They speak the same language and form but one tribe. The Tinneh or Drnc Dindejies are found in the valleys of the Athabasca and Peace Riv- ers, in the regions of the Great Bear Lake and on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains south of British Co- lumbia, on Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. They are divided into nineteen tribes. The Algon- quins are scattered from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rockies and comprise eleven tribes. To the cast are the Micmac. Malecite, Abnaki, Nascapi, and the Montagnais of Labrador; west of Quebec are the Missisauga and the Ojibwa Confederacy; and in the southern part of the north-west the Saulteurs, Wood Cree, Plain Cree, the Blackfeet, the Mixed-bloods, and the Piegans. The home of the Iroquois is in the val- ley of the St. Lawrence, at Lorette near Quebec; Caughnawaga; Lake of the Two Mountains; Saint Regis; between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie; and near the Rocky Mountains where they are known as Assiniboin and Sioux.

The first Indian census was taken in 1871. They then numbered 102,358, as follows: Eskimo 4028; Tinneh 42,000; Algonquins 46,000; Huron-Iroquois 10,330. Their division according to provinces is: Prince Edward Island 323; Nova Scotia 1666; New Brunswick 1403; Quebec 6988; Ontario 12,978; Manitoba 500: British Columbia 23.000; Rupert's Land 33,000; Labrador and the Arctic regions 22,000. The census of 1901 shows a decrease of 8904 in thirty years, if the given figures (93,454) are correct. In 1905, the superintendent of the Indian Bureau gave the total number of Indians as 107,637. ( If this num- ber 22.084 lived outside the reservations. The 85,553 who were in the reservations in 1905 owned 44,195 acresof cultivated land and had 44,972 head of cattle and 33,119 horses. They had at that time 302 schools with an attendance of 10,1 13 pupils. 104 of these schools were under ( 'atholic clergy, 86 under the Anglicans, 49 under the Methodists, 16 under Pres- byterians, and 47 were nonseetarian. The same cen- sus gave 35,060 Catholic Indians. 15,079 Anglicans, 11,791 Methodists. 1489 Presbyterians, 1103 Bap- tists. 646 other Christians, anil 10,906 pagans.

Freedom of Worship. — Freedom of worship and the equality of all creeds before the law furiii the of the political constitution of Canada. When Can- ada became a British dependency, the Catholic Church ceased to be the State Church. Governor