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 CAMPANI

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CAMPECHE

is a mixture of being and non-being. The Divine, impressed upon, immanent in. and shared by, finite natures, is the principle, the sufficient reason, and the measure of their relative perfection and of their development in time and space. The universe is vivified, directed, and governed by a universal soul of sense and intelligence. The world is as a living statue of God. The sun and the earth are its prin- cipal parts and the common source of animal life and movement, and of the sensation which is also found in all material things, light, air, metals, and wood. Prior to Descartes, to whom he was other- wise superior in erudition, Campanella demonstrated the absurdity of scepticism and undertook to es- tablish by psychologico-ontological argument the existence of God against Atheism. In the field of natural science Campanella preceded Bacon in insisting on the direct observation and experimental study of nature. It is noteworthy that whilst Bacon rejected the astronomical theory of Galileo, Cam- panella favoured it, and wrote a brilliant defence of its author. In his treatise, "De Monarchic Hispanica" ["A Discourse touching the Spanish Monarchy", tr. by Edmund Chilmead (London, 1654) and again by Wm. Prynne (ibid., 1660)], Campanella evinces, among ideas singularly strange and erroneous, considerable practical knowledge of civil government. To extend Spanish rule in Europe he advised intermarriage of the Spaniards with other nationalities, urged the establishment of schools of astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, etc., and the immediate opening of naval colleges to develop the resources of the New World and further the interests of its inhabitants. In general he advocated natural honesty and justice and the universal love of God and man in place of the utilitarian principles and egoism of Machiavelli.

Because of its political character, his "Civitas Solis " (City of the Sun), is the most celebrated of his works. It appears in ■'Ideal Commonwealths" (New York, 1901) and in "Ideal Empires and Republics" (Wash- ington and London, 1901 ). It was probably intended by Campanella as a philosophical fiction, like Plato's "Republic" and Mop's "Utopia", for its essentially communistic delineation, and advocacy, of goods, edu- cation, women, labour, and all necessaries in common could hardly represent the true mind of an author who, after all, was faithful to at least the spirit of Christianity, and who vehemently resisted the ration- alistic trend of his contemporaries. Various lists, some furnished by Campanella himself, show him to have been the author of about eighty-eight works. The more important are: "Prodromus Philosophise instaurandas " (Frankfort', 1617); " Philosophise raiion- alis partes quinque " (Paris, 1638); "Realis philoso- phise epilogistiese partes quatuor" (which contains the "Civitas Solis", Frankfort, 1623); "Medicinalium juxta propria principia libri VII" (Lyons, 1635); "Astrologicorum libri VI" (Lyons. 1629); "Apologia pro Galileo mathematico" ( Frankfort, 1622) ; "Atheis- mus triumphatus" (Rome, 1631); "De prsedestina- tione electione, reprobal ioneel auxiliis divinae gratia, cento thomisticus (Paris, L636). Numerous unpub- lished MSS. are preserved in (lie archives of the Do- minican Order at Rome.

Prod. I Paris, L72] I, II, I0S 'i. Mandonnet in Diet ,<■ ' Paris, 1904), s._v., whofurnislies :, romprehei i\ r i . : t ■ i . . ■,, mi\ ■■-] i l 1 1 v . ! -

Wirk>; <. ,1, I,: /7m/,, ,,,,/,■. ti l'\hi W. ],ii,

ls'.il l III. 191; I'i'um Bo ton, 1903),

i:;n, i, Morris I New 'i ork,

■ Mn-in, i.. r.:,., i univ (Paris, 1880 . \ I

John R. Volz.

Campani, Giuseppe, an Italian optician and as-

ti hut ulio lived in Rome dming the latter half

of the seventeenth century. His brother, Matteo iani-Alimensis, and he were experts in grind-

ing and polishing lenses, especially those of great focal length and slight curvature. These lenses were used in long telescopes of considerable power. The astronomer Cassini made his discoveries with these lenses. Campani also made many observa- tions himself. Cassini called his attention to the spots on Jupiter, and he disputed with Eustachio Divini, an Italian optician, the priority for their discovery. His astronomical observations and the descriptions of his telescopes are detailed in the fol- lowing papers: "Ragguaglio di due nuovi osser- vazioni, una celeste in ordine alia Stella di Saturno, e terrestre l'altra in ordine agl' instrumenti " (Rome, Hint, and again in 1665); "Lettere di G. C. al sig. Giovanni Domenieo Cassini intorno alle ombre delle stelle Medicee nel volto di Giove, ed altri nuovi feno- meni celesti scoperti co' suoi occhiali" (Rome, 1666).

His brother, mentioned above, is also noted as a mechanician for his work on clocks. He was a priest in charge of a parish in Rome. Louis NIV of France ordered several long-focus lenses (86, 100, 136 feet respectively) for Cassini, who discovered with theii aid additional satellites of Saturn.

Jocher (Adelcng), Allgem. Gelehrten-Lexicon; Auzout, Lettre a Vabbe Charles.

William Fox. Campanile. See Belfry.

Campeche, Diocese of, in the State of Campeche, Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Yucatan (see Yucatan). It was created 24 March. 1S95, by division of the Diocese of Yucatan. Its territory includes the western portion of the Penin- sula of Yucatan, and in the north is mainly a plain, from which rise the heights of Sierra Alta. Broad savannahs and dense forests abound. The southern part is abundantly watered by running streams. The Spanish captain, Hernandez de Cordova, and the pilot, Anton de Alaminos, discovered (20 March, 1517) a seaside village inhabited by Maya Indians, and known to the natives as Ah Kin Pech, which the Spaniards translated Campeche, often anglicized as Cam-peachy. In 1540 Captain Montejo, with thirty Spaniards, founded on this site a seaport town. A church was at once begun (Santa Maria de la Coneep- cion, the present cathedral); the first priest was Francisco Hernandez, Montejo's chaplain. Later on a storm drove upon the Campeche coast the vessel in which Fray Bartolom6 de las Casas. Bishop of Chia- pas, was returning to his diocese; this illustrious man was therefore the first bishop to visit Campeche. Its first missionaries were Franciscans; in 1715 the Jesuits came to Campeche, but were expelled 12 June. 1767.

The diocese is bounded on the north by the Dio- cese of Yucatan; on the south by the Archdiocese of < iuatemala and the Vicariate Apostolic of Belize; on the south-east and west by the Dioceses of Chiapas and Tabasco, and by the Gulf of Mexico. It has a population of about 100.000. with twenty-three par- ishes. The third bishop, Don Francisco Mendoza y Herrera, who was appointed 17 January, 1905, opened a diocesan seminary and three colleges, and built an episcopal residence. Since 1901 there has been in the Diocese of Campeche a small group ot non- Catholics. The episcopal city, Campeche. situated on the bay of that name, about ninety miles south- west of Merida, has about Hi. 000 inhabitants, two parishes, and twelve churches. The chief exports are maize, sugar, sisal-hemp. salt, wax, logwood, and mahogany. Ship-carpentry is t lie principal local industry, the harbour, though shallow, being quite capacious.

chia Cattalica (Rome, 1907) Battanmib, Arm. pont. rath, il'aris. 1007), 217; Catholic Directory (Milwaukee, 1907), Foreign, 1ST.

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