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CAMOES

concerned simply (1) with the trifling pension which King Sebastian bestowed upon him and which Philip II continued in favour of his mother, who survived him; (2) with his imprisonment as a result of an assault, made by him upon a public official; and (3) with the publication of "The Lusiads". Personal references contained in various letters and in his literary works, all of a certain autobiographical value, provide further data.

Camoes came of a reduced noble family. The place of his birth has been the subject of contention. but in all proba- bility he was born at Coimbra. He belonged to the same stock as the noted explorer, Vasco da Gama, who is so impor- tant in "The Lu- siads". His father was a sea-captain who died at Goa in India as the re- sult of a ship- wreck, soon after the birth of Luiz. It seems likely that the poet re- ceived his train- ing at the Univer- sity of Coimbra, where his uncle, Bento de Camoes, was chancellor for several years. Some early love lyrics, Platonic of inspiration and Petrarchian in form, date back to his college days. Passing to the court at Lisbon. he there fell in love with Catherina de Athaide, a lady of the queen's suite. Catherina, the Natercia (anagram of Caterina) of his lyrics, responded to his suit, but those in authority opposed it, and Camoes, meeting their resistance with words of wratli and violent deeds, was ere long banished from the court. For two or three years, that is between 1546 and 1549. he fought in the campaign in Africa and there lost one of his eyes, which was struck by a splinter from a cannon. Back once again in Lisbon, he found himself utterly neglected, and in his despair he proceeded to lead a disorderly life. Wounding an officer of the royal court, he was incarcerated for some months and was released in March of 1553 only on condition that he go to India as a soldier. Forthwith he departed, a private in the ranks, on his way to the region which his great kinsman had made known to the Occident. In the East his career was full of the greatest vicissitudes. At one time fighting valiantly against the natives, he was again languishing in jail on a charge of malfeasance in office while occupying a governmental post in Macao; he entered into a new love affair with a native, either before or soon after the death of Catherina I 1556); now rolling in wealth, lie was again overwhelmed with debt, and he was always gaining more enemies by his too ready pen and tongue; seldom stationary anywhere for long, he engaged in long journeys which took him as far as Malacca and the Moluccas, and upon one occasion he escaped death by shipwreck only through his powers as a swimmer. Finally, in 15(17. he began the return trip to Portugal. Stopping at Mozambique in his course, he there spent two years, a prey to disease and dire poverty. With the help of generous friends he con- tinued his journey and reached Lisbon in 157(1. after an absence of sixteen years. There was no welcome for Portugal's greatest bard in a capital that had jusf been visited by plague, and was governed by that visionary and heedless young monarch, Dom Sebas- tian; but Camoes, publishing his epic, dedicated it

to the king and was rewarded with a meagre royal pension. His last gloomy years were spent near his aged mother, and he died, heart-broken at the mis- fortune that had come to his beloved land with the great disaster of Alcaeer-Kebir, where Sebastian and the flower of the Portuguese nobility went to their doom.

It is possible that Camoes had conceived the pur- pose of writing an epic poem as early as his student days, and there are reasons for supposing that he had composed some passages of "The Lusiads" before 151 1: but in all likelihood the idea of making Vasco da Gama's voyage of discovery the central point of his work occurred first to him during the voyage to India in 1553. During that trip and on the return, with the delay at Mozambique, he could acquire that familiarity with the ocean and with the coast of Africa which is clear in some of his most striking octaves; but it was during the long sojourn in India that he gave shape to the major part of the epic. Adopting a metrical form — the octave — of which the Italian Ariosto had proved the pliancy, and modelling his epic style on that of Vergil, Camoes set up as his hero the whole Lusitanian people, the sons of Lusus. whence the title. " Os Lusiadas". His purpose was a serious one; he desired to abide by the sober reality of his country's history, which, in poetic speech, is related in a long series of stanzas by Vasco da Gama himself. From first to last the ten cantos of the work glow with patriotic fervour inspired by the genuine achievements of the poet's compatriots. But, side by side with chronicled fact, there appears also a somewhat complicated mythological ma- chinery. Venus, the friend of the wandering Portu- guese; Bacchus, their enemy; Mars, Jupiter, deities of the sea, and a number of symbolical figures play a large part in the fortunes of Vasco da Gama's nautical expedition, and at times the union of Chris- tian belief and pagan fable is carried to absurd ex- tremes, as when Bacchus is made to assume the form of a Christian priest and offer a feigned worship to the Christian God. For the introduction of pagan mythology into a Christian and historical epic Camoes has been harshly censured by many; yet it must be admitted that much of the charm of the poem is to be found in just those parts in which the mythological elements abound. It is interesting, furthermore, to note that the ecclesiastical authori- ties, as represented by the Dominican Ferreira, who examined the manuscript and gave the necessary permission to print the book, found nothing con- trary to faith or morals in it; the mythology was regarded as a mere poetic fiction. The action of the poem is not of great extent, yielding often to pas- sages of narration and description; of course it is developed in accord with the events of Vasco da Gama's voyage along the African coast to Mombaca and Melinde, on to Calient in India, and back again over the ocean to Portugal. The chief edition of "The Lusiads" is that of 1572, prepared by the poet himself; the modern editions still leave much to be desired in the way of critical apparatus.

It has been the lot of Can iocs, the epic bard, to be more talked of and written about by foreigners than he is read by them. Hence the uncertainty of opinion regarding his proper rank among modern poets. There is, however, no need of depreciating Ariosto, or TasSO, or any others who have essayed

the epic, in order to render to Camoes his just deserts. In artistic feelingand accomplishments he is doubtless not the equal of several among them; as the exponent of patriotic pride in national endeavour and sturdy enterprise, and as the greatest master of Portuguese poetic style and diction, lie will ever command the admiration of his country n and of all who love

what is best in literature. The mass of lyrics still attributed to Camoes requires much deliberate sifting;