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CAMBRIDGE

history would be of interest only in connexion with the Belgian territory formerly belonging to the dio- cese, mention may be made of St. Eubertus, an itiner- ant bishop, martyred at Lille (third century); St. Chrysole, martyr, patron of Comines, and St. Piat, martyr, patron of Tournai and Seclin (end of third century); St. l'harailde. patron of Bruay near Valen- is (eighth century); the Irish missionaries Fursy, Caidac, Fricor, and L'ltan (seventh and eighth cen- turies); St. Winnoc. Abbot of Bergues (end of seventh century); Blessed Evermore, disciple of St. Norbert and Bishop of Ratzburg in Germany (twelfth cen- tury); Blessed Charles le Bon, Count of Flanders, son of King Canute of Denmark and assassinated at Bruges in 1127; and Blessed Beatrice of Lens, a recluse (thirteenth century). The Jesuits Cortyl and du Beron, first apostles of the Pelew (Caroline) Isl- ands, were martyred in 1701, and Chome (1696-1 707). who was prominent in the Missions of Paraguay, and the Oratorian Gratry (1S05-1872), philosopher and member of the French Academy, were natives of the Diocese of Cambrai. The English college of Douai, founded by William Allen in 1568, gave in subsequent centuries a certain number of apostles and martyrs to Catholic England. Since the promul- gation of the law of 1S75 on higher education, Lille has been the seat of important Catholic faculties. (See Baunard; Lille.)

The principal places of pilgrimage are: Notre-Dame de la Treille at Lille, a church dedicated in 1066 by Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, visited by St. Thomas of Canterbury, St. Bernard, and Pope Innocent III, and where, on 14 June. 1254, fifty-three cripples were suddenly cured; Xot re-Dame de Grace at Cambrai, containing a picture ascribed to St. Luke; Notre- Dame des Dunes at Dunkerque, where the special ob- ject of interest is a statue which, in the beginning of the fifteenth century, was discovered near the castle of Dunkerque: the feast associated with this, 8 September, 1793, coincided with the raising of the siege of this city by the Duke of York; Notre-Dame des Miracles at Bourbourg, made famous by a miracle wrought in 13S3, an account of which was given by the chronicler Froissart, who was an eyewitness. A Benedictine abbey formerly extant here was converted by Marie Antoinette into a house of noble canonesses.

1 ntila comparatively recent date, the great religious solemnities in the diocese often gave rise to du- casses, sumptuous processions in which giants, huge riches, devils, and representations of heaven and hell figured prominently. Before the law of 1901 was enforced there were in the diocese Augustinians, English Benedictines, Jesuits, Marists, Dominicans, Franciscans. Lazarists, Kedemptorists. Camillians, Brothers of St. Vincent de Paul, and Trappists; the last-named still remain. Numerous local congrega- 1 1. in- of women are engaged in the schools and among the sick, as. for instance: the Augustinian Nuns

fi unded in the sixth century, mother-house at Cam- brai); the Bernardines of Our Lady of 1 'lines I founded in the thirteenth century); the Daughters of the Infant Jesus (founded in 1824, mother-house at Lille); the Bernardines of Esquernes (founded in 1827); the Sisters of Providence, or of St. Therese (mother-house at Avesnes); the Sisters of Our Lady of Treille (mother-house at Lille), and the Religious Holy Union of the Sacred Hearts (mother- house at Douai).

In 1900 the religious institutions of the archdiocese included 7 foundling asylums, 260 infant schools, 4 infirmaries for sick children, 2 schools for the blind,

2 schools for deaf-mutes, 19 boys' orphanages, 57

orphanages, 20 industrial schools, 1 trades' school, 3 schools of domestic economy. 5 reforma- tories, 89 hospitals and hospices, 32 houses of relig- ious nurses, 7 houses of retreat, 2 insane asylums, and 177 conferences of the Society of St. Vincent

de Paul. This development of charitable establish- ments, to which should be added many institutions founded by Catholic employers for their workmen, may be accounted for by the immense labouring class in the Archdiocese of Cambrai. The re- treats of Notre-Dame de Hautmont arc well patron- ized by the working Catholics of the district. Sta- tistics 'for the end of 1905 (close of the Concordat period) show a population of 1,S66,994 with 67 pas- torates, 599 succursales, or second-class parishes, and 157 curacies then remunerated by the Stale.

Gallia Christiana, ■ I n, > (1725), III, 1-7 and 206, and in&trumenta, 1—44; I ibqi i r, Metropole dc Cambrai (Paris, 1S69); Hi.i\, Histo n di eviq ques dc Cambrai

(Tournai, 1876 ■; 1 'i-i iw bes, 1

"ibrai el d' Arras (Lille, 1890); Chevalier, Topo-biblioaraphie, 554-55S.

Georges Go's itj.

Cambridge, University of. — I. Origin and His- tory. — The obscurity which surrounds the ancient history of Cambridge makes it impossible to (ix with any certainty the date of the foundation of the great seat of learning now known as the university. In the days of Queen Elizabeth the most extraordinary legends were current, propounded by learned mi Oxford and Cambridge, regarding the respective an- tiquity of these' two universities. The < Ixford schools, it was claimed, had been founded by certain Greek professors who came to England with Brutus of Troy, "about the time when Eli was judge in Israel"; while Cambridge traced her origin to "Cantabcr a Spanish prince", who arrived in Britain in the year of the world 3588. No more trustworthy is the state- ment of the chronicler known as Peter de Blois, who assigns 1110 as the date .if certain learned monks coming to Cambridge from the great Abbey of Croy- land, in the fen country, lecturing there, and assem- bling round them a nucleus of scholars. All that is certain is that long (though how long is not known) before the establishment of tin' first college in Cam- bridge, a body of students was in residence in the town, lodging at firs( in the houses of the townspeo- ple, hut gathered later into "hostels'", houses licensed by the university authorities, who appointed princi- pals to each, responsible ior the order, good discipline, and comfort of the inmates. These hostels, of which Fuller enumerates thirty-four, continued to exist up to, and after, the foundation of the first colleges, which were originally composed only of the master, fellows, and poor scholars, or sizars, who paid lor their educa- tion by performing menial work. To the Benedictine Order belongs the honour of having established the fire! college within the university, St. Peter's, better known as Peterhouse It wash .unded iii 1284 by Hugh de Balsham, monk and sometime prior of the Abbey of Ely, and Bishop of Ely from I_'."i7 to 1286; and its constitution nil statutes were modelled on those of Merton College, Oxford, founded twelve years previ- ously by Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester.

Bishop de Balsham obtained leave from Edward I to place bis scholars in the buildings of St. John's Hospital, in the place of the religious brethren of that

foundation, and a irw years later acquired possession

of a neighbouring monastery belonging to a sup- pressed order of friars. He and his successor at Ely, Bi bop Simon Montacute, drew up an admirable code of statutes providing for the maintenance of a master

and fourteen fellows, who were to I dy en-

gaged in literature", and withal "honourable, chaste, peaceable, humble and modest". The scholars who

attended the college leCtUTeS I prototypes of the "pen- sioner" of to-day) were still accommodated in the hostels, but tin- statutes provided for the maintenance of a few "indigent scholars well grounded in Latin", who came later t.. be known a sizars. Monks and friars were explicitly excluded from the benefits of the foundation, but clerical students were evidently expected to be in the majority, and indeed the clerical