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OAMBRAI

in cold weather, and the hermits also have another very ample cloak in which the whole body can be wrapped when hurrying to the midnight Office from their cells in severe weather. — Camaldoli, it should be remembered, stands on a range of the Tuscan Apennines at an altitude of 3680 feet above the sea.

An aspirant to the solitary or to the cenobitical life at Camaldoli has to undergo a long and severe proba- tion. He is at first regarded as a guest for some days, and is then summoned before the community, assem- bled in chapter, and formally received. Placed im- mediately in the novitiate, he continues to wear his secular dress for forty days, after which period he is clothed in the novice's habit and begins a novitiate of two years. If he should persevere he is admitted to simple vows, which may, if necessary, be dispensed during the three following years. During these three years the young religious does part of his ecclesiastical studies, and then, unless his superiors think a longer period necessary, he is admitted to solemn or final vows and to Holy orders. A lay brother's probation is different. He remains one year in the novitiate, and then becomes an "oblate" for seven years; another year's novitiate is then gone through, at the end of which he is called conversus, and his simple vows are taken for three years. If all is satisfactory, at the end of this period he is allowed to take solemn vows.

Present State of the Order. — There are at the present date (1907) three congregations in the Camal- dolese order: the Congregation of Cenobites, which possesses four monasteries, with about fifty subjects; the Congregation of Hermits of Etruria, which pos- sesses two hermitages and three monasteries, with nearly sixty subjects; the Congregation of Hermits of Monte Corona, which possesses ten houses, with about one hundred and thirty subjects. All these houses are in Italy, except the monastery of Bielany in Po- land, belonging to the Congregation of Cenobites, and the hermitage of Nuova Camaldoli, near Caxias in Brazil, belonging to the Congregation of Hermits of Etruria. This last was founded from Camaldoli in 1899, by Don Ambrogio Pierattelli and Don Michele Evangelisti, and one lay brother, Ermindo Dindelli. In 1900 these were joined by three more hermits and two more lay brothers from Camaldoli. Don Am- brogio was elected prior in 1903, and the first Camal- dolese hermitage in the New World shows many signs of rapid and fruitful growth.

There are also five houses of nuns in existence, with about 150 inmates. These are all in Italy.

Augcstinus FoRTUNITTBi Hislorm Camaldulensium (Venice, 1575. 1579); Beaunier. Reeeuil historique des Archevcchts. Evechcs, Aboayea et Prieurea de France (Ligugc, 1900), intro- duction ; Camaldoli cd i Camaldolcsi. breei note di un sacer- dote 8ecolarc ad un movant (Rome, 1905); Carmichael, In Tuscany (London. 1901). '2-45-264; Ciampelli, Guida storica illuslrata di Camaldoli (I'dine. 1906); Grandi, Dissertationts Camaldtdenees 'Lucca. 1707*; Hastivillius, Romualdma seu Sremitica Ordinis Historia (Paris. 1631'; Hexm-

bucher. Die Orden und Kongregationen dcr cathotischen Kirche (Paderbom, 1907'. I. 401 ION; Helyot. Histaire den ordres monastiqu.- (Paris, 1718), V, 236-79; Herzo.; vnd Hatjck, Realencuklopadie fur protestantische Theoloffie und Kirche (Leip- zig. 1S97). Ill, tis:( S7; Mabillon, Ada Sanctorum O. 8. H. (Venice, 1733-1740'. Sax. VI. i, 246-7S; Idem. Annate.* Ordinis S. Benedicti (Paris. 1707). IV. 261-3. 275. 289, 339; Mittarelli and Costadoni, Annates C amaldulenses 0. S. B. (9 vols.. Venice. 1755-73); Moroni. Diz. (Venice. 1840-58). V, 290.308; XCI, 519-53. 561-62; 8. Pethtjs Daioanus, Vila Sancti Romualdi (Florence. 1513); Razzi, Regola delta ritaeremi- tica datadal b. Romualdo (Florence. 1575); Razzi, Vile del san/l e beali del ordine di Camaldoli (Florence, 1600); Thomas de Minis, Catalogus Sanctorum et Beatorum totius ordinis Camal- dulensis (Florence. 16051; Ziegei.bu-fr. Centifolium Camal- dulense (Venice. 1750 ; Regola di 8. Benedetto e Coxtitutioni delta Conaregazione deoh Ermuli Camaldolcsi di Monte Corona (Rome. 1670); Reqolamento giornaliero pei novizi deqli Eremiti CamaldoUsi d% MmU Corona (Frascati, 1906); Le Messager des Revue Btntdidine (Maredsous. 1887). IV, 366-63; Rivista Storica Benedcllina (Rome, 1906-7). I. 288-9, 470-5; II. 371-383. 600-4. _ TT

K. L rban Butler. Leslie A. St. L. Toke. III.— 14

Camargo, Diego Munoz (according to Beristain de Souza, Mufioz should he the surname), b. of a Spanish father and Indian mother soon after 1521; d. at a very advanced age, the exact date unknown. He acquired the knowledge of letters and rudimen- tary acquaintance with other branches of learning from the Franciscans at Mexico in the first half of the sixteenth century, and diligently inquired into the traditions and antiquities of the Nahuatl Indians, chiefly of the tribe of Tlaxcala, in which investigations lie was encouraged and sustained by the clergy and the higher Spanish officials. For many years he acted as official interpreter. He wrote the "Historia de Tlaxcala", first published in a French translation in tho"Annales des voyages" and but lately in the Spanish original. It is the only chronicle specially devoted to the past of the tribe of Tlaxcala thus far accessible in print, except one, printed 1870, and which may yet prove to be a frag- ment of Camargo's work. Torquemada's "Mon- arquia" is largely based on Camargo, and the history is of course partial, as all tribal chronicles are, ex- tolling the Indians of Tlaxcala, and placing them above all others of Nahuatl stock. This does not, however, detract from its value. It presents a view differing from that of other Indian writers, and furnishes elements of useful criticism.

ToRQuEMAnA, Monarauia Indiana (Madrid. 1613. and 1723); BoTrRiNi-BENAnrcci, Idea de una nueva Historia general de la America Setentrional (Madrid. 1746); Clavigero, Storia del Messico (Cesna, 1780); Beristain de Souza, Biblioteca hispono-amerieana setentrional (Amacameca, 18S3); Brinton, Aboriginal Authors.

An. F. Bandelier.

Cambiaso, Luca (also known as Luchetto da Genova, and as Luchino), Genoese painter, b. at Moneglia near Genoa, in 1527; d. in the Escorial, Madrid, 1585. He received his first instruction from his father, Giovanni Cambiaso, who is believed to have been the author of the method adopted in de- signing whereby the human body is divided into small squares in order to give correct proportions in foreshortening. Luca exhibited considerable talent, and was enabled by the assistance of a friend to visit Florence and Rome, where he carefullv studied the works of Michelangelo. His early paintings are some- what extravagant and grotesque, but later in life he checked his impetuosity, and his paintings were dis- tinguished by exquisitely transparent colour and by grace in pose and composition. He was an exceed- ingly rapid painter, using both hands at once, and passionately fond of glowing colour and of sumptu- ous architectural backgrounds. In 1583 he was in- vited to visit Spain, where he was employed by Philip II in the Escorial, and painted the ceiling of the choir and several altar-pieces. His wife, to whom he was deeply attached, died at Genoa, and being unable to obtain a dispensation to marry her sister, he gave way to the severe disappointment, and allowed it to prey upon his mind until it produced melancholia, from which he died. He had one son, Orazio, who accompanied his father to Spain and who worked for Philip II after the father's decease.

Cambiaso was a man of little historical knowledge, but as an artist was distinguished by accurate draw- ing, clever composition, and admirable colouring. The women in his pictures are modest, the men im- passioned, and he was fond of introducing horses into his scenes and painted them with beauty and spirit. His best works are in Madrid, Munich, and Florence George Charles Williamson.

Cambrai, Archdiocese of (Cameracensis), com- prises the entire Departement du Nord of France. Prior to 1559 Cambrai was only a bishopric, but its jurisdiction was immense and included even Brussels and Antwerp. The creation of the new metropolitan