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CALVIN

one of its councillors. After the treason and over- throw of Governor Fen. hill. Calvert became governor in 1060 and displayed clemency in pardoning Ken- dall. In 1661 Charles Calvert, son of the proprietor, was made governor, and Philip was appointed dep- uty-lieutenant and councillor of the province. After tins he negotiated a treaty with the Dutch in which they agreed to abandon the disputed territory on the Delaware River. He was one of a committee which negotiated a treaty with the Indians, and of another commission which settled with the Virginia authorities a boundary line between Maryland and Virginia.

Browne. G< New York. 1S90);

Idem, Afarylan II ohes, History of Uu Society of Jesus vn fforth A merica, Federal unit 'olonial (Cleveland, 190* ); Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries; Chalmers. Political nf the present Cuitei! Colonies from their Settlement tothe Peace of 1763; Bancroft, History of the I'nital State.*: lirs- SEi.L, Maryland, the Land of the Sanctuary (Baltimore. 1907). J. E. Hagerty.

Calvi and Teano, Diocese of (Calvensis et Theanensis). — The city of Calvi is the ancient Cales or Calenum in the Campagna, not far from Capua. Towards the end of the fifth century it was certainly a bishopric, since Valerius, Bishop of Calenum, was presei t at the Roman Council held by Pope Sym- machusin499. I testroyed in the ninth century by the Saracens, it was rebuilt by Atenulfo, Count of Capua, at which time, most probably, the see was re-estab- lished. It certainly had a bishop at the end of the eleventh century. Remarkable among the bishops were: Odoardo, who assisted at the Council of Lyons (1245) and vigorously opposed Frederick II. his sover- eign, who, on his return, had him slain; Bernardo Spada . the monk Gennaro Filomarino (1623). In 1818 < 'alvi was united with the See of Teano, a small city of the same province and a former fief of the Gaetani. Its first bishop was St. Pan's, ordained by Sylvester I: according to .tradition, St. Urbanus and St. Amasius were bishops of that city in the fourth century. The united dioceses are suffragans of ii I contain 72,000 inhabitants, 103 parishes, 5 religious houses for men and 4 for women.

Capplllktti I Italia (Venice, 18441, XX; Ann.

cccl. (Rome, 1907), 357-59.

U. Benigni.

Calvin, John-.— This man, undoubtedly the greatest

of Protestant divines, anil perhaps, after St. Augus- tine, the most perseveringly followed by his disciples of any Western writer on theology, was born at Xoyon in Picardy. France, 10 July, 1.509. and died at Geneva, _'7 May, 1564. A generation divided him from Lu- ther, whom he never met. By birth, education, and temper these two protagonists of the reforming move- ment weir sl rongly contrasted. Luther was a Saxon

it, his father a miner; Calvin sprang from the French middle-class, and his father, an advocate, had purchased the freedom of the City of Noyon. where he

ed civil and canon law. Luther entered the < >rder of Augustinian Hermits, took a monk's vows, was made a priest. and incurred much odium by marrying a nun. Calvin never was ordained in the Catholic Church; his training was chiefly in law and the humanities; he took no vows. Luther's eloquence made him popular by its force, humour, rudeness, and vulgar style. Cabin spoke to the learned at all time-, even when preaching before multitudes. Ilis manner is classical ; on system; he has lit-

tle humour; instead of striking with a cudgel hi the weapons of a deadly logic and persuades by a

teacher's authority, not b te' calling oi

names. He writes French as veil as Luther writes

German, and like him has been reckoned a pioE

the ' lern development oi his native tongue. I

if we term the doctor ol Wittenberg a mystic, we may

sum up Cabin as a scholastic; he gives articulate ex- pression to the principles which Luther had stonnily

thrown out upon the world in his vehement pam- phleteering; and the " Institutes" as they were left by their author have remained ever since the standard of orthodox Protestant belief in all the Churches known as "Reformed". His French disciples called their sect "the religion"; such it has proved to be outside the Roman world.

The family name, spelt in many ways, was Cauvin, latinized according to the custom of the age as Cal- vinus. For some unknown reason the Reformer is commonly call ml'. His mother. Jeanne

Le Franc, born in the Diocese of Cambrai, is mentioned as "beautiful and devout"; she took her little son to various shrines and brought him up a good Catholic. On the father's side, his ancestors were seafaring men. His grandfather settled at Pont l'Eveque near Paris, and had two sons who became locksmiths; the third was Gerard, who turned procurator at Noyon. and there his four sons and two daughters saw the light. He lived in the Place au Ble (Cornmarket). Noyon, a bishop's see, had long been a fief of the powerful old family of Hangest, who treated it as their personal property. But an everlasting quarrel, in which the city took part, went on between the bishop and the chapter. Charles de Hangest, nephew of the too well-known Georges d'Amboise, Archbishop of Rouen, surrendered the bishopric in 1525 to his own nephew John, becoming his vicar-general. John kept up the battle with his canons until the Parliament of Paris intervened, upon which he went to Rome, and at last died in Paris in 1577. This prelate had Protestant kinsfolk; he is charged with having fostered heresy, which in those years was beginning to raise its head among the French. Clerical dissensions, at all events, allowed the new doctrines a promising field; and the ('a bins were more or less infected by them before 1530.

Gerard's four sons were made clerics and held bene- fices at a tender age. The Reformer was given one whena boyof twelve; he became Cur6 of Saint-Martin de Maiteville in the Vermandois in 1527, and of Pont l'Eveque in 1529. Three of the boys attended the local College des Capettes, and there John proved him- self an apt scholar. But his people were intimate with greater folk, the de Montmor, a branch of the line of Hangest, which led to his accompanying some of their children to Paris in 1523, when his mother was piol -a My dead and his father had married again. The latter died in 1531, under excommunication from the chapter for not sending in his accounts. The old man's illness, not his lack of honesty, was, we are told, the cause. Yet his son Charles, nettled by the censure, drew towards the Protestant doctrines. He was accused in 1534 of denying the Catholic dogma of the Eucharist, and died out of the Church in 1536; his body was publicly gibbeted as that of a recusant.

Meanwhile, young John was going through his own trials at the L T niversity of Paris, the dean or syndic of which, Noel Bedier, had stood up against Erasmus and bore hard upon Le l'evre d'Htaples (Stapulensis), celebrated for his translation of the Bible into French. Calvin. a "martinet", or oppidan, in the College de la Marche, made this man's acquaintance (he was from Picardy) and may have glanced into his Latin com- mentary on St. Paul, dat.d 1512, which Doumergue

considers the first Proti tant I k emanating from a

French pen. Another influence tending the same way was that of ( 'ordei ins, ( 'alvin's tutor, to whom he dedicated afterwards his annotation of I Thessa- lonians, remarking, "if there be any good thing in what I have published,! oweittoyou". Corderius

had an excellent Latin style; his life was austere, and his "Colloquies" earned him enduring fame. But he fell under suspicion of heresy, and by Calvin's aid took refuge in Geneva, where he died September, 1564. A third herald of the "New Learning" was George Cop. physician to Francis I. in whose house