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 CALTAGIRONE

190

CALVARY

tombs of the Lydian kings and the temple of Ar- temis Koloene stood. According to Lequien, the titular see took its name from this locality; but Lequien's view is inconsistent with the position as- signed to Caloe by the " Notitiae episcopatuum " as a suffragan see of Ephesus.

S. Petrides.

Caltagirone (Calata Hieronis), Diocese of (Calatayeronensis). Caltagirone is a city in the province of Catania, Sicily, built on two eminences about 2000 feet above sea-level, connected by a bridge. It is supposed by some to be the ancient Hybla Minor, by others the ancient Gela. In the Middle Ages it became a Saracen stronghold. The first two syllables of its name are of Arabic origin (Jcalaat, castle). The Genoese tried unsuccessfull}- to expel the Arabs from Caltagirone, which later, how- ever, with the rest of Sicily fell into the hands of the Normans. It belonged at one time to the Diocese of Syracuse, but when the latter was made the seat of a metropolitan, Caltagirone was erected into a suffragan see. The first bishop was Gaetano Maria Trigona, afterwards transferred to Palermo. The diocese con- tains a population of 115,500 with 25 parishes, 112 churches and chapels, 199 secular and 48 regular priests, 5 religious houses of men, and 5 of women.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia (Venice, 1S44), XXI, 628; Ann. eccl. (Rome, 1907), 354-55.

U. Benigni.

Caltanisetta (Calathanisium), Diocese of (Cal- athanisiadensis). The city is situated in a fertile plain of Sicily, on the River Salso, in the vicinity of the most extensive sulphur mines in the world. The name is of Arabic origin. The immense cavern of Caltabillotta is famous on account of the legend of a great dragon, driven thence by the holy hermit Pere- grinus when he chose that spot for a life of penance. This city formerly belonged to the Diocese of Gir- genti, but was created an episcopal see by Gregory XVI in 1844, and is a suffragan of Monreale. The first bishop was Antonio Stromillo. The churches of the city worthy of notice are: Santa Maria Nuova, the cathedral, and Santa Maria Vecchia. whose Saracen- Norman portal is an exquisite work of art. Caltani- setta has 17 parishes, 182 churches and chapels, 225 secular priests, 145,000 Catholics, 4 religious houses for men and 16 for women.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia (Venice, 1844), XXI, 609; Ann. eccl. (Rome, 1907), 355-56.

U. Benigni.

Calumny (Lat. catoor, to use artifice, to deceive), etymologically any form of ruse or fraud employed to deceive another, particularly in judicial proceed- ings. In its more commonly accepted signification it means the unjust damaging of the good name of another by imputing t<> him a crime or fault of which he is not guilty. The sin thus committed is in a gen- eral sense mortal, just as is detraction. It is hardly necessary, however, to observe that as in other breaches of the law the sin may be venial, either be- cause of the trivial character of the subject-matter involved or because of insufficient deliberation in the making of the accusation. Objectively, a calumny is a mortal sin when it is calculated tn do serious harm t<> the person so traduced. Just as in the in- stance "f wrongful damage to person or estate, so the

calumniator is hound to adequate reparation for the injury perpetrated by the blackening of another's

good name. He is obliged (1) to retract his false

II- tits, and that even though his own reputation

may necessarily as a consequence suffer. (2) He

must also r i inke good whatever other losses have been sustained by the innocent party as a result of his

libellous utterances, provided these same have 1 u

in some measure (in confuso) foreseen by him. In canon law the phrase juramentum calumnicc is em-

ployed to indicate the oath taken by the parties to a litigation, by which they averred that the action was brought and the defence offered in good faith.

St. Thomas, Summa theol. (Turin, 1885), II, QQ. lxviii, \xix, lxxii. lxxiii; Lehmkuhl, Theol. moralis (Freiburg, 1SS7), I, 1191 sq.; Genicot, Theol. moralis institutiones (Louvain, 1898), I, 561 sq.; Berardi, Praxis Confessariorum (Faenza. lsas, 11, 422; Dublanchy in Diet, de theol. cath. (Paris, 1904), s. v.

Joseph F. Delany.

Calvaert, Dionysitjs, an eminent painter, usually known as "The Fleming" and called Denis, a native of Antwerp and a student at Bologna, b. about the year 1540; d. 1619. The Antwerp "Rec- ord of Artists" or "Liggeren" (1556-57), gives his name as Caluwaert. He first studied under Chris- tiaen van Queecborne, but early left his own country for Bologna, becoming a pupil first with Prospero Fontana, in 1570, and afterwards with Lorenzo Sabbat ini, whom he accompanied to Rome in 1572 and remained there for two years assisting his master in his paintings in the Vatican. On his return to Bologna lie settled there permanently, establishing a celebrated school from which sprang, among other notable artists, Albani, Guido, and Domeni- chino. The rival school in Bologna was that of the Carracci, but Calvaert was so respected in the city that on his decease Ludovico Carracci attended his funeral in the Servite church and brought with him all his pupils.

Calvaert was a profound student of architecture, anatomy, and history, exceedingly accurate in perspective and graceful in design. His colouring is full and rich, his execution suave and accurate, and, although there is something of an awkward stiffness in the movements of his figures and an academic mannerism in his grouping, yet in com- position he was far ahead of his rivals and in colour- ing undoubtedly their superior. As an instructor few excelled him. His principal works are to be seen at Bologna, Florence, St. Petersburg, Parma, and Caen, and many of his pictures have been en- graved. His life was one of great devotion to his art and his faith, and he was greatly respected in Bologna.

Bryan, Dictionary of Painit ra ^n i Et ■ -oat rs (London, New York, 1903); Malvasia, / ' na Pitt (Bologna Hi7s :

Orlandi, Abbecedario Piitorico (Etalogna, 1,19); Oretti, J7n- pvbliahea Notebooks, Ar'nana-m I.ihrary, Helogna.

George Charles Williamson.

Calvary, Congregation of Our Lady of, a con- gregation founded at Poitiers, in 1617, by Antoinette of Orl6ans-Longueville, assisted by the famous Capu- chin, Father Joseph Le Clerc du Tremblay. Antoi- nette was left a widow in 1596, and entered the con- vent of Feuillantines at Toulouse in 1599. After her profession she was commanded by the pope to art as coadjutrix to the Abbess of Fontevrault, and assist her in reforming her convent. Here Antoinette met Father Joseph, who became her director: he had just reformed the monastery of I'Encloitre, and when Paul V ordered Antoinette to found a seminary for training religious, this convent was chosen for that purpose, and was soon filled with novices. In 1614 Antoinette founded and built a new convent at Poitiers, dedi- cated to ur Lady of Calvary, which became tin' cradle of the congregation. By permission of the pope, she left Fontevrault to enter this monastery, and took with her those nuns who wished to follow the Benedictine rule in all its strictness, 'f'he Abbess of Fontevrault at first consented to this, but afterwards objected, ami it was not until after Antoinette's death that Father Joseph established die new congregation, gave then i constitutions, and got ( Iregory XV to issue a Bull erecting them into an independent congregation under the title of Our Lady of Calvary. They were finally approved by the Holy See. 17 January. 1827. The congregation succumbed to the French Revolu- tion, but was restored afterwards and in I860 had