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CALDAS-BARBOSA

twenty-five j'eais. There are small native missions in Kurseong, Darjeeling, Purneah, Jhargram, each with a few hundred Catholics. During the famine of 1866 Father Saparl gathered at Balasore a number of native orphans. Later on the station of Khrishno- chondropui was founded in the native state of Morb- hunj. The number of Ouryia converts is about 1800. There are two priests, one church in Balasore, 6 native chapels, 5 schools with about 220 children. The Sunderbunds missions were started in 1868 among the Bengalis who cultivate the marshy swamps of the Gangetic Delta, south of Calcutta. There are two central stations with two priests each, Morapai and Raghabpur; 3200 Bengali converts are spread over a great many villages. There are 2 churches, 22 na- tive chapels, 7 schools with 450 children. In the Chotanagpore missions, west of Calcutta, the popu- lation is mostly of Dravidian (Ouraons) or Mogul (Mundas) origin with a few minor tribes. They be- lieve in one Supreme God who, however, they say, is so good that they need not trouble about him; they worship the devil who can do them harm, and to him they offer sacrifices. At the end of 1868 a priest started a mission in Chaybassa without great success. In February, 1876, another priest was sent to Ranchi to take care of 200 Madrassee soldiers stationed there, and opened a native mission in Buruma, in the direc- tion of Chaybassa. The priest of Chaybassa started then a mission in Burudi. in (lie direction of Ranchi. It was only in 1885, when Father Lievens, the real founder of the Chotanagpore mission, appeared on the scene, that the mission began to make great prog- ress. His policy, followed by his successors, was to help the natives in every way, to protect them against the tyranny of their landlords and the native police, ami to feed them in times of scarcity. In return he wanted them to send their children to his schools, where they were trained as good Christians. The Lutherans of the Gossncr Mission had been working for more than fifty years in Chotanagpore, and had met till then with great success. But tiny opposed in vain Father Lievens's generous efforts. He never spared himself, and within six years broke down in health. He returned to Belgium in September, 1892, and died at Louvain in November, 1893, of consump- tion. But he had started the work on permanent lines, and it did not die with him. Today there are in Chotanagpore more than 100,000 converts, baptized or catechumens; in the year 19(16-1907 more than 25,000 catechumens joined the Catholic Church. The difficulty is to cope with such a number of cate- chumens, to instruct them in the Faith, and to take care of such a large number spread over an immense country. There are fifteen stations with thirty priests. In all these stations there are central schools; in villages more important a catecliist and a school. The four convents buill by the (Jrsulmes in Ranchi, Khunti, Tongo, and Rengarih exercise a great influ- ence for good in the family life of these neophytes. Ranchi is the head quarters of the mission, and has a central boys' school for select pupils from the 'lis trlcts, an Apostolic school to train catechistfl and help .us to the priesthood, a in I a cent ra I girls' school, where the native Daughters of St. Ann are trained under the [Trsuline nuns. The needs of this mission

may be summed up in these two words: men and money. More men and more money would allow the mission to est, •ml indefinitely the field of operations westwards, so as to create a zone of Catholic country

the whole of India from Calcutta to Bombay. This mission has 8 churches, 28] Dative chapels, 85 .. with more than 3000 pupils.

Propaganda press, 1907), 202-4; Battandier, In" ;><<><' oath. (Pans. 1807), .'17; Werner, Orbis terror n' I reiburg. 18801; Stkf.it.

Atlas des Missions Catholigua (Steyl, Holland; 1908); Hunter. tal Account at Bengal 1 20 vols., London. 1M771 anil History of British India (annual, London, isa'j — ); Statistical • i'or British India; W'lhU\U9,.\fodern India (1879) ; Idem ,

Religious Thought and /../.- in India (1883); Statesman' sY ear- Book (London, 1907). 136 7!) For the minor .veins of the history of the Bengal Mission, see the tiles of (he Bengal Catholic Exmsitor (1839-18401; Bengal Catholic Herald MU- ST); IndO-Europenn f.irr. iponih nee I | St'io - 1902). In 1903 the name of the last paper was ehainie.l to Tie fatliolic Herald of India; it is published weekly in Calcutta.

Leopold Delaunoit.

Caldara, Polidoro (da Caravaggio), an Italian painter, b. at Caravaggio, 1492 (or 1495); d. at Messina, 1543. He passed his boyhood in poverty and misery, leaving Caravaggio when eighteen years old to seek work. Going to Rome, he was employed to carry mortar for the artists in the Vatican who were painting frescoes for Leo X. He watched them copying Raphael's designs, and soon emulated them so successfully that he attracted Raphael's attention and became his pupil. Maturino and Udine, for whom he prepared plaster, were his first instructors. He studied the antique, and the friezes and other ornaments he made for Raphael's pictures are noted for their appropriateness and Athenian purity. Cal- dara was the first of the Roman masters to employ chiaroscuro, probably from his profound study of the antique; and colour was a secondary consideration with him. He decorated I he exterior of many Roman palaces in sgraffito, a form of painting where, over a dark background, often stucco, a lighter-coloured layer was painted, and designs, scratched through the light layer, only showed dark on light (en camaieu).

These designs are known to-day only from repro- ductive etchings and engravings from the hands of Albert! and Goltzius. When Rome was sacked in 1527, Caldara went to Naples, where he was helped by Andrea da Salerna. He started a school and re- ceived many commissions for frescoes. He left Naples for Sicily and in Messina attained great success. He painted the triumphal arches erected on the return of Charles V from Tunis, and in 1534 produced his masterpiece, " Christ Bearing the Cross". This oil is grand in conception and composition, and is treated in a far more naturalistic style than any of his other paintings. One of his "Magdalens" is celebrated for its beautiful landscape background. He was about to return to Rome (1543) when his Sicilian servant murdered him for his money. Naples and Messina possess many of his paintings. Some of his note- worthy works are: friezes in the Vatican; "Psyche received into Olympus", in the Louvre, Paris; "Pass- age of the Red Sea", in the Brera. Milan.

Lippman, Engraving and Etching, tr. Bardie (New York, 1906); I.i hkk. Oeschtchte der italienischen Afalerei (Stuttgart, 1878); Mother, History of Painting, tr. Kriehn; WoknYm! Epochs of Painting Characterized (London. Is |7 ■

Leigh Hunt.

Caldas-Barbosa, Dominqos, a Brazilian poet, b. of a white lather :m. I a nemo mother at Rio Janeiro in 1740; d. in Lisbon, 9 Nov., 1800. Trained at the Jesuit college in Rio Janeiro, he developed a power of literary improvisation which he indulged at the ex- pense of the Portuguese whites and thereby stirred

them up against him. His enemies had him forcibly enrolled in a body of troops setting forth for the colony of Sacramento, where he remained until 17(12.

Returning to Rio Janeiro he soon embarked for Port u-

gal, and there obtained the patronage of two nobles ol the Vasconcellos family, the Condi' de I'ombeiro and the Marqucz de Castello Melhor. Taking minor

orders he received a religious benefice, being at- tached as chaplain to the Casa da Supplicacao

Although he was a mulatto, he obtained enti into high society in the Portuguese capital, chiefly be- cause he was a clever entertainer who could improvise

cantigas and piny bis own accompaniment I <

Hence the somewhat humiliating sobriquet of cantor tie noli, which was given to him. Well aware t hal hi social status was an uncertain one. he retained his - II possession even in the face of the insulting attitude of the poet Bocagc and others. With most of the