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 CAJUS

148

CALANCHA

bruck. 1903), II, 1201; Cossio, // Cardinale Gaelano e la Riforma iCividale, 19021; Mandonnet in Diet, de thiol, cath. (Pans, 1904); Berthier. // Ritratto del Gaeta.no in // Rosario (Rome, Aug., Sep., 1907), ser. II. vol. IX, No. 476-477.

John R. Volz.

Cajus. See Caius.

Calabozo (Calaboso), Diocese of. — Calabozo is a town in the State of Miranda, Venezuela, on the River Guanco, 120 miles south-south-west of Caracas. Orig- inally an Indian village, it was founded as a town in 1730 by the Compania Guipuzcoana. The city is situated on low ground, and in the rainy season the surrounding lands are inundated. In its vicinity are thermal springs. It is well built, has a college and public schools, and enjoys a considerable trade. The principal occupation of its inhabitants is cattle-rais- ing. The Diocese of Calabozo was created 7 March, 1863, by Pius IX, and its first bishop was consecrated 30 October, 1881. It embraces the section of Guarico and portions of the sections of Apure, Zamora, Portu- guesa, Cojedes, and Guzman Blanco. It has 310,000 Catholics, 38 priests, and 70 churches and chapels. Calabozo is a suffragan of Caracas (Santiago de Vene-

Bvttandier, Ann. pant. cath. (Paris, 190S); Herder, Kon- versatirms-Lex. (St. Louis, 1903), s. v.; Werner. Orbis Terra- rum. Catholicus (Freiburg, 1890); Streit, Katholischer Mis- sionsatlas (Steyl, 1906).

Leo A. Kelly.

Calahorra and La Calzada, Diocese of (Cala- gurritana et Calceatensis), suffragan of Burgos, comprising almost all the province of Logrofio and part of the provinces of Navarre and Soria. Cala- horra, the episcopal city, has 9475 inhabitants; it is the centre of a judicial district, and possesses a collegiate church and a chapter. It has been asserted, but without historical foundation, that St. Paul preached at Calahorra and ordained as its first bishop one of his disciples, Felix. According to Prudentius, a Christian poet of the fourth century, the brothers Emeterius and Celedonius, soldiers of the Legio VII Gemina, suffered for the Faith at Calahorra, but the exact date of their martyrdom is unknown. In the fourth century pilgrims from distant lands came to pray at the tomb of these saints, whose relics are yet preserved in the cathedral of Calahorra. The first known bishop of this see is Silvanus. About 465 the bishops of the province of Tarragona de- nounced to Pope Hilary the conduct of this prelate, who had consecrated two bishops in violation of the sacred canons. During the rule of the Visigoths (415-711) the bishops of Calahorra took part in several councils of Toledo. From 792 to 871 it. is certain that the see was occupied by Mozarab : c bishops, among them Theodemir at the end of tht eighth and Recared in the ninth century. Calahorra was reconquered from the Moors by King Garcia of Navarre, and in 1045 the see was restored; its first bishop, Sancho.also Bishop of Najera, adopted then the title of Bishop of Calahorra and Najera. In 1236 the see was transferred to Santo Domingo de la Calzada, a city in the same province of Logrofio, where it. remained for some time. Hence the exist- ence of a cathedral and a chapter in each town and the double title of the bishop, who is chosen alter- nately by the chapter of each cathedral (Battandier). Alliens the bishops worthy of mention is Rodriguez Sanchez de rVrevalo (d. 1470), afterwards commander of the Castle of Sant' Angelo in Home, author of numerous theological and historical works and a vigorous champion of papal authority. The Catholic population of the united dioceses is 65,000; there are 363 parishes, 600 priests, 393 churches, and 268 chapels.

RlBCO. Las antinurdad leMtticat dl Calahorra,

in Espafta Saurada. XXXIII. 113-222, 271-330; La FuENTE, Hist. ec. ca de Espaila (Madrid. 1873-75). II, 81-S3, 421-22; Battandier. Ann. pont. cath. (Paris. 1907). 217

Eduardo de Hinojosa.

Calama, a titular see of Africa. Calama appears to be the Roman name of Suthul, a city in Numidia, besieged by Postumius 110 b. c. (Sallust, Bel. Ju- gurth., xxxvii). It became a Roman municipium as early as Hadrian, and a colony a little later. In the time of Diocletian it was included in Proconsular Africa, but its bishops were subject to Numidia. The city was captured by the Vandals on their arrival in Africa (429). Count Bonifacius was defeated near the city in 431. A great many inscriptions found at Guelma have proved that it is the modern substitute for Calama. Guelma, occupied by the French in 1836, is to-day the chief town of a district, or arron- dissement, in the department of Constant ine, Algeria; it is situated near the River Seybouse and the Djebel Mahonna, about 81 miles east of Constant ine. It has 7300 inhabitants (1500 French), and is an im- portant cattle market. Among its ruins are a Byzan- tine citadel and walls built by the Patricius Solomon during the Byzantine reoccupation. Four bishops are known: Donatus, 305; Megalius, who consecrated St. Augustine in 395 and died in 397 ; St. Possidius, elected in 397; Quodvultdeus in 484. Possidius was a disciple of Augustine in the monastic life ; at Calama he suffered grievous persecution from heathens and Donatists, and was obliged to leave his city for some time. The contemporary Donatist bishop was Crispinus: among the heathens we know a certain Nectarius, a correspondent of St. Augustine. Possid- ius disarmed his enemies bv his charity. After the sack of Calama by the Vandals, he retired to Hippo and attended St. Augustine on his death-bed. He also wrote the life and a catalogue of the works of his master.

Morcelli, Africa Christiana, I, 115; Gams, Series Episcopo- rum Eeclesio? Cath. (Ratisbon, 1873), I, 464; Rayoisie, Exploration scientif. de I' Afrique, II; Gsell, Monuments antiques de V Algerie (Paris, 1901); Rebood, Recueil de not. et mem. de la soc. de Constantine (1882-1883), C, I, 24-51.

S. Petrides.

Calamus. See Holy Communion.

Calancha, Fray Antonio de la, an erudite Augustinian monk, b. 1584 at Chuquisaca (now Sucre) in Bolivia; d. 1 March, 1654. Both his parents were of Spanish descent. He studied at Lima, where he entered the Order of St. Augustine, and was successively definitor, secretary of the province, and rector of the College of San Ildefonso. During the earthquake that made great ravages in Truxillo, 14 February, 1619, he was at the head of the convent at that city and afterwards became prior at Lima. His most important work is the ''Cor6nica moralizada de la orden de N. S. P. S. Agustin en el Peru", the first volume of which ap- peared in 163S and the second in 1653. Both have become very rare. They are bulky tomes written in a ponderous style, but replete with valuable in- formation on the Indians of Peru and Bolivia. In regard to the natives of the Peruvian coast, it must be said that, while Calancha had ample opportunity to gather information on the spot, he still prefers to rest mostly on the authority of the Jesuits Arriaga and Terhuel, and in regard to the Lake Titicaca region he follows almost exclusively the Augustinian Ramos Gavildn. On primitive traditions Calancha discourses extensively, but not always in a critical spirit, following therein the conditions and tendencies of the age in which he lived. The book is indis- pensable f or t he st udy of t he aborigines and ant iquit ies of South America. His book was also published in Latin by Brullius in 1651. Of other works of his. only two. one on the Conception of the Blessed Virgin, and the other on beavers (probably seals), were printed, the former in 1629, the latter in 1642. Antonio, Biblinfheca fuspana nova (Madrid, 1733-3S); Mr.vniBour, Die. hist bioa. (Lima, 1876), II; I.e.'.n t Tinelo, Epitome etoa (1737-3S); .Jimenez de la Espada, 2"r« Rela- ciones peruanas (Madrid, 1880).

Ad. F. Bandelier.