Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/178

 CAIUS

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CAIUS

After the death of Jesus, Caiphas continued to per- secute His followers. When Peter and John were brought before the Council after the cure of the lame man at the Beautiful Gate of the Temple (Acts, iv, 6 sqq.), Caiphas was still high-priest, since he was re- moved only in A. D. 36 or 37. We can say with almost equal certainty that he was the high-priest before whom St. Stephen appeared (Acts, vii, 1), and that it is from him that Saul obtained letters authorizing him to bring the Christians of Damascus to Jerusalem (Acts, ix, 1-2). At a time when high-priests were made and unmade at will by the officials of Rome, and when the principal quality required seems to have been subserviency, it is no credit to the character of Caiphas to have enjoyed their favour so long. Jose- phus mentions his removal in connexion with a series of acts of Vitellius which were agreeable to the Jews. We are not told what became of him after his deposi- tion. \V. S. Reillv.

Caius, a Christian author who lived about the beginning of the third century. Little is known about his personal history. Eusebius mentions him several times and tells us (Hist. Eccl., VI, xx), that he held a disputation with Proclus, a Montanist leader at Rome in the time of Pope Zephyrinus (199-217), and calls him a learned man and an ecclesiastic. This latter designation need not imply that he was a priest. Several extracts from the dialogue against Proclus are given by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., II. xxv; III, xxxi; VI, xx). Caius is also mentioned by Jerome (de Vir. 111., 59), Theodoret (Hsr. Fab., II, iii"), and Nicephorus Callistus (Hist. Eccl., IV, xii-xx), all of whom derived their information from Eusebius. Photius (Bibl. Cod., 48) gives some additional data drawn from a marginal note in a manuscript copy of the work on the "Nature of the Universe" in which Caius is said to have been a presbyter of the Roman Church and to have been elected "Bishop of the Gentiles". These indications, resting as they do on a confusion of the Anti-Montanist Caius with Hippolytus, are absolutely valueless. Additional light has been thrown on the character of Caius's dialogue against Proclus by Gwynne's publication of some fragments from the work of Hippolytus "Contra Caium" (Her- mathena, VI, p. 397 sq) ; from these it seems clear that Caius maintained that the Apocalypse of John was a work of the Gnostic Cerinthus.

We owe to Caius a very valuable evidence of the death of Sts. Peter and Paul at Rome, and the public veneration of their remains at Rome about the year 200. It is taken from the above-mentioned dispu- tation with Proclus, and reads as follows (Euseb., Hist. Eccl., II, 25): "But I can show the trophies of the Apostles. For if you will go to the Vatican or to the Ostian Way you will find the trophies of those who laid the foundations of this church". By "trophies" is of course understood the memorial chapel that pre- served in each case the body of the Apostle (cf. Barnes, St. Peter in Rome, London, 1900, p 145).

The fragments of Caius are printed in Rocth, Reliqtiice Sacra- (Oxford. 1S46), II, 125-5S. and in P. G.. X. 25-36. Cf. Zahn. Geechichte des neutestamentl. Kanons, II, 985-991; Harnack. Chronologic, II, 206, 223. 226; Bardenhewer. Geschichle der altchristlichen LUteralur (Freiburg. 1901). I, 525.

Patrick J. Healy.

Caius (Kay, Key), John, physician and scholar, b. at Norwich, 6 October. 1,510; d. at London, 29 July, 1573. He entered the University of Cambridge in 1 529. received the degree M. A. in 1535, and studied medicine under Montanus and Vesalius at Padua, where he received (1541) the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After a tour through Italy, France, and Germany, during which he met the most eminent scholars of the age, he returned to England in 1544, and for twenty years lectured on anatomy in London. He published "A Boke or Conseille against the Dis- ease commonly called the Sweate or Sweatyng Sick-

nesse" (London, 1552), which is considered the best account of that epidemic. He also wrote translations of, and commentaries on, the works of Galen and Hippocrates (Basle, 1544). With the means acquired from his medical practice he refounded (1558) his college (Gonville) at Cambridge, which has since been known as Gonville and Caius College. Under Ed- ward VI he became royal physician, a position which he retained under Elizabeth until he was dismissed (1568) on account of his adherence to the Catholic Faith. He was elected nine times president of the College of Physicians, an account of which — " Annales collegii medicorum 1520-1565" — he left in MSS. He was accused of atheism and of keeping secretly a col- lection of ornaments and vestments for Catholic use. The latter were found and burned in the College court. His last literary production was the history of Cam- bridge University — "Historia Cantabrigiensis Aca- demise" (London, 1574).

Mt-LUNOER, The University of Cambridge (Cambridge, 1884); Idem in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Clark. Cambridge (London, 190S!.

E. A. Pace.

Caius and Soter, Saixts and PorEs, have their feast together on 22 April, on which day they appear in most of the martyrologies, though Notker and a few others give Soter on the 21st and Caius on the 19th or 21st.

Soter was pope for eight years, c. 167 to 175 (Harnack prefers 166-174). We possess a fragment of an in- teresting letter addressed to him by St. Dionysius of Corinth, who writes: "From the beginning it has been your custom to do good to all the brethren in many ways, and to send alms to many churches in every city, refreshing the poverty of those who sent re- quests, or giving aid to the brethren in the mines, by the alms which you have had the habit of giving from of old, Romans keeping up the traditional cus- tom of the Romans; which your blessed Bishop Soter has not only preserved, but has even increased, by providing the abundance which he has sent to the saints, and by further consoling with blessed words the brethren who came to him, as a loving father his children." "To-day, therefore, we have kept the holv Lord's day, on which we have read your letter, which we shall always have to read and be admon- ished, even as the former letter which was written to us by the ministry of Clement." (Euseb., Hist. Eccl., IV, xxiv.) The letter which Soter had written in the name of his church is lost, though Harnack and others have attempted to identify it with the so- called "Second Epistle of Clement " (see Clement of Rome). The reverence for the pope's paternal letter is to be noticed. The traditional generosity of the Roman Church is again referred to by St. Dionysius of Alexandria writing to Pope Dionysius in the mid- dle of the third century, and Eusebius says it still continued in his time. 'Nothing further is known of this pope.

Caius was pope for twelve years, four months, and seven days, from 17 December, 283, to 22 April, 296, according to the Liberian catalogue (Harnack, Chronol., I, 155, after Lipsius and Lightfoot); Euse- bius is wTong in giving him fifteen years. He is mentioned in the fourth-century "Depositio Episco- porum " (therefore not as a martyr' : A' kl mnii Caii in Caltisli. He was buried in the chapel of the popes in that cemetery. Nothing whatever is known of his life. He lived in the time of peace before the last great persecution.

Soter is said by the fifth-century writer known as Ph.epesti- natus (o. xxvii to have written a book against the Montanists; he adds that Tertullian wrote against Pope Soter and Apol- lonius. As we know (JEROME, /)•' Vir. ill . xl) that lertullmn wrote against Apollonius in his lost De Ecstasi, tins may be true- see Harm. < altchruauh. Lit., 1, 589; Zahn,

mom (1S93). V, 49.

On Cams 111 later Vets of Saints see Tillemont. I\ : Acta SS., 14 April; Becillvs. Acta S. Can Pel .V. (Rome. 1628). The false decretals attributed to these two popes will be found