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 CESAR

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CAGLIARI

ensibus", which heretofore was believed to have been written by Csesarius of Heisterbach.

ZlEGELBAUEB, Hitt. I. ill O.S It (AucsblirE :iil<1 Wiirzburp:, 17."))' Ill, 170; Lamprecht. /', II , chaft

U Leipzig, L886), II, 60.

Michael tt.

Caesar of Speyer (or Spires), Friar Minor, first minister provincial of the order in Germany, anil leader of the Caesarines, b. towards the close of the twelfth century; d. in 1239. He became renowned as a preacher, and the number of Albigenses who abandoned their errors as the result of his zealous efforts so enraged tin' heretics against him that he was obliged to leave his nat ive city. In 1212 he went to Paris, where he studied theology under Conrad of Speyer, the famous crusade-preacher. While in the Holy Land in 1217,Ca>sar of Speyer was received into the Franciscan Order by Brother Elias of Cortona, the first provincial of Syria; early in 1221 he re- turned to Italy with St Francis and Peter of Catania. It is interesting to note that the Rule of 1223 was probably written by Cesar of Speyer at the dictation of St. Francis, and it is very likely that St. Francis refers to him in the words of his "Testament": "et ego paucis verbis et simplicibus feci scribi et Dominus Papa confirmavit mihi." At the chapter of Pente- cost held at Assisi in 1221, Csesar, together with twenty-five companions, was chosen to go to Ger- many, and after three months' preparation in the valley of Spoleto, the missionaries set out on their journey northward. They were welcomed by both clergy and people at Trent, Brixen, and other cities, and in October of the same year the first provincial chapter of the order in Germany was convoked by
 * ;it Strasburg. The famous Tatar missionary,

John of Piancarpino, and the chronicler, Jordan of Giano, were both present at this chapter; on its con- clusion the friars dispersed throughout the different provinces of Germany, according to Ca>sar's instruc- tions, to meet again the following year.

In 1223 Csesar, accompanied by Thomas of Celano, returned to Assisi to be present at the general chapter ttecost, and at his own request was relieved of the office of provincial minister by St. Francis. Of the remaining fifteen years of Csesar's life little is known. He was probably in Italy, with Bernard of Quintavalle, Blessed Ciles, and the other companions of St. Francis, encouraging the friars by word and work to remain faithful to their rule and life, and warning them against t he innovations of t he Relaxati. Jordan of Giano says of Caesar of Speyer at this time: "He was a man wholly given to contemplation, most zealous for evangelical poverty and so commended by the other friars that he was esteemed the most saintly after St. Francis." Owing to his opposition towards the R ined by order

of the minister general. Brother F.lias; he finally met a violent death at the hands of the lay brother who had been appointed to guard him. There seems, >•!'. no warrant for the opinion expressed by I hat he was murdered by order of Elias, and the slight colouring which Angelo Clareno and I'bertino le L'r r to t heir accounts of his tragic etui is due to the bin- and bitterness against Elias's party which

characterize all the writings of the Spirituals.

Waddino, Ann. Min., I, ill 1220 ccdii; CI. an. 1221, iv- 1 iracchi, L885), I. 1-19;

Khrli ' dM U A 'Berlin,

iss.,, II 353, H8; III li. H. JSio-

bibliour I I I IS, 37 18, in.

99. 100. 109, 117-19; Robins- Introduction to

Franciscan Ultra' L907), 9, 16 Is

Si EPH1 '. M I >ONOVAN.

Caesaropolis, a t il [acedon te early

name and the site of which have not yet been identi- fied. It is mentioned in Gelzer'a "Nova Tactica" (1717) and in Parthey's " Notitue episcopatuum", III (c. 1170-117!H and X (twelfth or thirteenth cen-

tury) as a suffragan of Philippi in Macedonia. Le- quien (II, 65) speaks of the see, but mentions no bishop. Manuscript notes give the names of two titu- lars. Meletius, who was alive in April, 1329, and Gabriel, in November, 1378, S. Petrides.

Cagliari, Archdiocese of (Calaritana). — Ca- gliari, called by the ancients Caralis or Cafaris, is the principal city and capital of the Island of Sardinia, and an important port on the Gulf of Cagliari. It was founded by the Carthaginians, and after the War of the Mercenaries fell into the hands of the Romans, but in the fifth century a. d. was seized by the Van- dals, and in the eighth, like the whole of Sardinia, became subject to the Saracens. In 1022 the Sara- cens were expelled with the help of the Pisans, and from that time Cagliari was governed by a "Judge". In 1324 Jaime of Aragon captured Cagliari and with it the rest of the island, which remained under Span- ish domination until 1714, when for a short, time it acknowledged the authority of Emperor Charles VI; in 1717 it was placed under the Duke of Savoy, thenceforth known as the King of Sardinia. Ac- cording to a legend, evidently false, the Gospel was preached in Cagliari by Bonifatius, a disciple of Christ. Historians give a long list of bishops of Ca- gliari, said to have suffered for the Faith during the persecutions, and St. Athanasius in his second letter to Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, speaks of his predeces- sors as martyrs. It is certain that St. Juvenal, dur- ing the reign of Diocletian, escaped death by flight. Quintasius, who attended the Council of Aries (314), is possibly identical with the Bishop of Cagliari, present at the Council of Sardica (343). The best known of the early bishops is Lucifer (354-71), the champion of orthodoxy against Arianism and friend of St. Athanasius. One of his contemporaries praises his unworldliness, his constancy in the Faith, and his knowledge of sacred literature. Towards the end of his life, however, he became the author of a schism, which persisted after his death. For this reason, con- siderable controversy arose in the seventeenth cen- tury as to the veneration of Lucifer. In 1615. the foundations of his church were discovered outside of the city, not far from the church of St. Saturninus, and in 1633 his relics were found in a marble urn, with two inscriptions. During the persecution of the Vandals, Sardinia, more especially Cagliari. offered a refuge to many Catholic bishops from North Africa, among them Sts. Eugenius and Fulgentius, who found there the freedom of worship denied them in their own country. Primasius was an important contemporary of these saints. St. Gregory the Great mentions in his correspondence two bishops of Ca- gliari, Thomas and Januarius. Deusdedit came twice to Rome during the reigns of Honorius 1 and Martin 1. Citonatus assisted at the Second Council of Constan- tinople U'iNl i. was accused of treason, and proved his innocence. The acts of that council exhibit Cagliari at this early date as a metropolitan see. In 787, Bishop Thomas sent as representative to the Second Council of Nicsea the deacon Epiphanius. In 1075, Gregory VII reproached (Epp., VIII. x) the Bishop of Ca- gliari for wearing a beard, a fashion which had been introduced into Sardinia at an earlier date; the pope the "Judge" of Cagliari to oblige the clergy to abandon this custom. The same bishop and his col- leagues wore blamed by Victor III (1087) for neglect of their churches. Under this pope, the Archbishop of Cagliari became known as the Primate of Sardinia. Archbishop Peter restored many churches, among then, that of the martyr St. \ntiorhus. In 1 158, the title of Primate of Sardinia and Corsica was given to the Archbishop of Pisa, but in 1409 it was reassumed by the Archbishop of Cagliari, whence arose a contro- versy between those sees, which has not yet been set- tled. Other famous bishops of Cagliari were: Ilde-