Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/169

 CCESAREA

135

CJESARIUS

walls, bastions, and ditches are well preserved. The ruins of the Roman city extend to a distance of about four miles; they are the largest in Palestine, and are used as a stone-quarry for Jaffa and Gaza, and even for Jerusalem. < me sees there, crowded together, the haven of Herod, restored by the crusaders, the amphitheatre large enough to contain 20,000 specta- tors, remains ol canals and aqueducts, a hippodrome with a splendid obelisk of rose granite, colonnades, ruins of temples and of at least two churches, and other stupendous relics of past grea

Wilson. Lands of th, lUuh, 11. _\jO-.~iS; />e-r"

zplorationFund, Quart. St.!f. :n. <:t tsss., !.:.,/■ ;' i/. ■.„•:, . II, 13 19;

G\ i'kin. Samari. 1 1. .i-'l-39.

S. Yaii.hi':.

Caesarea Philippi, a Greek Catholic residential see. and a Latin titular see, in Syria. The native name is unknown; under Antioehus the Great it bore already the Greek name Panion owing to a grotto consecrated to Pan's worship. It was given (20 B. c.) by Augustus to Herod, w ho built there a magnificent temple in honour of the emperor. Soon after, the tetrarch Philip embellished it and dedicated it to his imperial protector Tiberius, whence its new name Ccesarea Philippi or Ccesarea Paneas. Near this city took place the confession of St. Peter (Matt., \\i, 13 J'ti. There lived the Haemorrholssa (Matt., ix, 20 1; according to Eusebius she set up before her house a bronze monument representing her cure by Jesus; in this group Julian the Apostate substituted his own statue for that of ( Ihrist.

Caesarea was at an early date a suffragan of Tyre in Phoenicia Prima. Five bishops (to 451) are men- tioned by Lequien ill 831, the first of whom. St. Erastua (Pom., xvi, 23), is obviously legendary. After the town's capture by the crusaders (about 1 132 i a Latin see was established there; four titulars are mentioned in Lequien -(II, 1337); they must not be confounded with those of Pallium, another see in Thracia. The modern name is Banias, a little village on a pleasing site, 990 feet above the level of thi

I loot ol Mount Ilerinon. and forty-five miles south-west of 1 lamascus, capital of the vilayet. The landscape is splendid, and the country very fertile, owing to tlie abundance oi water. ( Ine of the main sources of the Jordan rises in the grotto of Pan, now partly blocked up ami serving as a cattle shed. Among the ruins are many columns, capitals, sar- cophagi, and a gate. The ancient church of St. George serves as a mosque. The citadel is partly preserved and is considered the most beautiful medie- val ruin in Syria. Since 1886 Banias has been the sec of a Greek Catholic i Melchite bishop, with about 4000 faithful and 20 priests. Its first titular. Mon- eur I .eraigiry. built a number of churches and 26 school,; the residence of the bishop is near Bania I at i Margvoum.

Wilson, Lands of the Bible, II. 175 «.i ; Thomson, Tht Land and the Hook. 22 I 'i GaliUe, II, 31

S \ ULHK.

Caesarius, Rule op Saint. See C-esarius op Arles, Saint

Caesarius of Aries, Sunt, bishop, administrator, preacher, theologian, b. at Chalons in Burgundy, 470 71 . d. at Aries, 27 August, 5 1 '!. according to Malnory. He entered the monastery of Lerins when quite young, bin bis health giving way the abbot sent him to Aries ii ordet to recuperate. Here he won the affection and esteem of the bishop, /Eonus, who had hi dained deacon and priest. < In t be death ol t hi- bishop I a- -mi i.- was unanimously chosen his si a (602 or 503). lie ruled the See of Aries lor forty

years with aDOStolic courage and prudence, and

out in the history of thai unhappy period as the tore

mot bishop (jf Gaul. His episcopal city, near the

mouth of the Rhone and close to Marseilles, retained

yet its ancient importance in the social, commercial, and industrial life of Gaul, and the Mediterranean world generally; as a political centre, moreover, it was subject to all the vicissitudes that in the early decades of the sixth century fell to the lot of Visigoth and Ostrogoth, Burgundian and Frank. Eventually (538) the latter, under King Childebert, obtained full sway in ancient t laid. During the long conflict, how- ever, Caesarius was more than once the object of bar- 1 1 uiaii suspicion. Under Alaric II he was accused of a treasonable intention to deliver the city to the Bur- gundians, and without examination or trial was exiled to Bordeaux. Soon, however, the Visigoth king re- lented, and left Caesarius free to summon the impor- tant Council of Agile (506), while in harmonious co- operation with the Catholic hierarchy ami clergy he himself published the famous adaptation of the Roman Law known as the"Breviarium Alarici", which eventually became the civil code of Gaul. Again in ..ns. after the siege of Aries, the victorious Ostrogoths suspected Caesarius of having plotted to deliver the city to the besieging Franks and Burgiindians. and caused him to be temporarily deponed. Finally, in 513, he was compelled to appear at Ravenna before King Theodoric, who was, however, profoundly im- pressed by Caesarius, exculpated him, and treated the holy bishop with much distinction. The latter prof- ited by the occasion to visit Pope Symmachus at Rome. The pope conferred on him the pallium, said to be the first occasion on which it was granted to any Western bishop. He also granted to the clergy of Aries the use of the dalmatic, peculiar to the Roman clergy, confirmed him as metropolitan, and renewed for him personally (1 1 June, 514 ) the dignity of Vicar of the Apostolic See in Gaul, more or less regularly held by his predecessors (see Vicar Apostolic; Thes- salonica; Vienne), whereby the Apostolic See ob- tained in Southern Gaul, still Roman in language, temper, law. and social organization, an intelligent and devoted co-operator who did much to confirm the pontifical authority, not alone in his own province, bul also throughout, the rest of Gaul. He utilized his office of vicar to convoke the important series of coun- cils forever connected with his name, presided over by him. and whose decrees are, in part or entirely, his own composition. These are five in number: Aries (524), Carpentras (o27>. Orange (II) and Vaison (529 I, and Marseilles (533), the latter called to judge a bishop, Contumeliosus of Riez, a self-confessed adtil- terer, but who managed later to obtain a reprieve through Pope Agapetus, on the plea of irregular pro- cedure, the final outcome of the case being unknown. The other councils, whose text may be read in Clark's translation of Eefele's "History of the Councils" (Edinburgh, 1S76-96), are of primary importance for the future religious and ecclesiastical life of the new barbarian kingdoms of the West. Not a few im- portant provisions were then made that were later incorporated into the traditional or written law of the Western Church, e. g. concerning the nature and security of ecclesiastical property, the certainty of support for the parochial clergy, the education of ecclesiastics, simple and frequent preaching of the Word of God, especially in country parishes, etc. Caesarius had already drawn up a famous resume of earlier canonical collections known to historians of canon law as the "Statuta Kceleske Antiqua'', by the

inadvertence of a medieval copyist wrongly attributed to the Fourth Council of (ai *1 ii mi i I is i, but by Mal- nory (below, 53-62, 291 93) proved to be the eompila

tion of Caesarius, after the Ballerini brothers had lo- cated them in the fifth century, and MaaSSerj hail

pointed out Aries as the place ot compilation. The

rich archives of the Church of \iies, long before this a centre of imperial administration in the West and of papal direction, permitted him to put together, on the border-line of the old and the new, this valuable