Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/164

 CADES

130

CADES

year 1760, when the Indian population attached to all the missions of Texas numbered about 15,000 souls. Then began a period of decline, brought about by the weakening of Spanish power, the increasing hostility of the wild tribes, and the wasting of the Indians under new diseases, which led to the final abandonment of the Caddo missions in 1773. Five years later the whole region was swept by small-pox, by which more than one-half the population was de- stroyed in a few months. In 1S01 another visita- tion reduced the Caddo to about 1400. In 1S35 those within Louisiana joined their kindred in Texas, then a separate government. Later difficulties with the Texans led to their removal, in 1859. to a reservation in Western Oklahoma. Here they still reside, being now legal citizens, upon individual allotments. They numbered 550 in 1006.

Bancroft Hisloni "/ ""' Xorth Mrriran State* and 1 ■ ••• -'

i,,!-; San Franrisc... ' lssti ami lsv.i ; Annual Reports of Com-

,, ,,/ Indian Alhnr* ( Washington. 1M1-1H07I; I.a

HaRPE, Journal II. ' I U VUabl% .uienl ,/,-, d raneais. etc.

(6 vols Paris.1876 1886 : narratives of Jotjtel, La. Hahpe.IiA

Su 1 t S \i N I -I »i - )!■•• •! > l '■■ "' -stall l\'cli,„.; m I. ..'■'., „■!, Anir.al Hep. of Bureau of Am Klhnuloa; i Washington, lst>6i, part 1 ; . Wdlev /Wcriral Sketches uf the Several Indian I ribes in Louisiana (Washington, 1806). . ,.

James Mooney.

Cades.— The name, according to the Vulgate and the Septuagint, of three, or probably four cities mentioned in Scripture.

(1) Cades, or Cadesbarne [Heb. trip (Qadesh) "Holv". and JfrQ 'p {Q. Bdrned); the meaning of Bdrned is uncertain], a city on the extreme southern border of Palestine (Num., xx, 16; xxxiv. 4; Jos., xv, 3). In Ps. xxviii (xxix), S the name is extended to the surrounding desert. That Cades and Cades- barne are one place is seen by comparing Num., xiii, 27, with Num., xxxii, 8, Deut., i, 19, etc. In Gen., xiv, 7, it is called fin Mishpat (Vulg., jontem Mis- phat), "fountain of decision", or "judgment", which probably was its earlier name. The two names seem to" indicate that a sanctuary with an oracle ex- isted at the place in pre-Israelitic times. Cades, after Sinai, holds the most important place in the history of the forty years' wandering of the Israelites in the desert. They came from Horeb (Sinai) through the desert of Pharan, after eleven days' jour- ney (Deut., i, 2, 19), with the intention of invading Chanaan from the south (ib., i, 20 sq.). From here spies were sent to explore the count ry, and here, on their return, forty days after, the discouraging reports of all but Caleb and Josue provoked a mutiny which changed the course of events. In punishment the people were condemned to wander thirty-eight years more, and all who had reached manhood, except Caleb and Josue, were to die in the desert. To escape this fate the mass of the people, instead of obeying the command to return towards the Red Sea, left Moses at Cades and pushed northward with the pur- pose of penetrating into the Promised Land, but met with disastrous defeat near Horma (Num., xiii, 2 — xiv, 45; Deut., i. 22-11). During the stay at Cades occurred the death of -Mary, the sister of .Moses, and the second miraculous flow of water, on which latter occasion Moses and Aaron were excluded from the Land of Promise for their want of trust in God (Num., xx, 1-13). Cades was probably also the scene of the rebellion of Core, Dathan, and Abiron (Num., xvi). Lastly, it was from Cades thai Moses, when about to begin the march to the table land of Moab and tin- Jordan, sent to the King of Edom to obtain permis- sion to pass through his territory. The permission being refused, the Israelites wen- forced to turn aside

from Edom, passing probably through Wady el-Ithm,

at the southern end of the valley of the Arabah (Num., xx, 14 sqq.; Deut., ii, 1 sqq.).

Opinions differ about the length of the stay at

Cades. Many hold that the command to retrace theii steps towards the Red Sea was carried out after the defeat of the Israelites near Horma, and that they came to Cades a second time at the beginning of the fortieth year of wandering. This second stay is said to be indicated by Num., xx, 1 sqq. In this opinion the stations (seats of headquarters and oi the tabernacle) in Num., xx.xiii, 19-35, i. e. from Remmomphares to Asiongaber, belong to the years of wandering between the first and the second visit to Cades. It is more probable, however, that the headquarters and the tabernacle remained at Cades all these years, while the people roamed about in the neighbouring desert in search of pasturage for their flocks and herds. This view seems more in accordance with Deut., i, 40, ii, 1 sqq. In this case the stations up to Hesmona (Num., xxxiii, 29) would belong to the journey from Sinai to Cades; those following Hesmona, to the march towards Moab. The insertion of verses 36-40 after verse 29 would then seem necessary, but the change would clear up this part of the itinerary.

A good deal of controversy has existed concerning the site of Cades, no less than eighteen places having been proposed. This may now be considered as set- tled in favour of 'Ain Qadis or Gadis. discovered by J. Rowlands in 1842, fifty miles south of Bersabee. Its only serious rival, 'Ain el-Weibeh, on the western edge of the Arabah, forty-five miles fart her east, which was advocated by Robinson and others, is now generally abandoned. 'Ain Qadis ("Holy Well") preserves the name Cades both in meaning and etymology, and best satisfies the Scriptural data. These place ( lades to the south of. and close to, the Negeb, the "south" (Num., xiii, 30), or "south country (Gen., xx, 1) of our English version (cf. Gen., xx. 1; Num., xiii, 23, 30; xiv, 43 sq.; Deut., i, 19, 20), in the Desert of Sin, which was north-east of the desert of Pharan (cf. Num., xx, 1; xxvii, 14; xxxiii, 36; Deut., xxxii, 51), near the middle of the southern frontier of the land assigned to Israel (Num., xxxiv. 4; Jos., xv, 3). It must therefore be sought in the north of the barren plateau Badiet et-Tih, "the desert of wandering", about midway between the Arabah and the Mediter- ranean, that is in the region in which 'Ain Qadis is situated. Moreover, the position of 'Ain Qadis, at a short distance from the junction of the main roads leading north, and its abundant supply of good water. a rare thing in the desert, are advantages which must have made it an important point, and which would be most likely to attract the Israelites. Num., xx. 2 sqq., is no objection to the identification. Cades, wher- ever situated, must have been near a supply of water. The miracle in all likelihood occurred at a distance from the town. Still, it is quite possible that the springs (there are several) may for some reason have temporarily run dry, and the cliff from underneath which issue the waters of 'Ain Qadis may well be the rock struck by Moses' rod. In the Vulgate text of Ecclus., xxiv, 18, mention is made of the palms of Cades. But the readings, iv 'Eyydoon, iv VaSSl, iv rd<55ois, found in some MSS., seem to shov Engaddi. where palms were abundant, was referred to by the sacred writer. The Sixtine ed. of the Septua- gint has iv aiyyia\oTs, "on the seashore".

Palmi a. The D he J Not J .rk, 1872). 236,

2S2sq., 420 sq.; Tin ■mhci.i., A'.n/. : Ha ; a \r« \.ak. 18M), III II, Mount S.ir ,l.on,lon, 1 sso , 1 ss; Hoi I VND

Expl. Fvnd..Qu St (1879), 60;, 1884 I 9; Robinso ■'"/;'"";. WorU. XVII, 327 sq.; Lagrangi in Rev. Bib. (1896), 440 eg ; (1899), 373; (1900), 273 sq.; Goth e in Zettschr.d.D.Pal. Per. I L885), 1S2-232; Legendre in Did. da la htbl* . II, 16-20.

(2) Cades [Heb. trip (Qedesh sanctuarj "], a city of the Negeb or "south countrj " (Jos., xv, 23). It 'is sometimes identified with Cadesbarne, but is more probably distinct from it.

(3) Cades (or Cedes) op the Hethites (Htp- im-i a city which critical conjecture substitutes for llodsi in 11 Kings, xxiv. 6. It is identified with