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man, had been sent in advance to prepare the way. On 14 April a brief but sanguinary conflict took place, in which the forces of Alexander wen- worsted and Cadalous got possession of the precincts of St. Peter's. The arrival, however, of Godfrey, Duke of Tuscany, in May. forced the antipope to withdraw to Parma, Alexander II at the same time engaging lo return to his see in Lucca, there to await tin' result of Godfrey's mediation with the German Court,

In Germany, meanwhile, a revolution had taken place. Anno, the powerful Archbishop of Cologne, had seized the regency, and the Empress Agnes retired to the convent at Fructuaria in Piedmont. Having declared himself againsl Ca lalo is, thi new regent at the i ouneil of Augsburg, Oct., 1062, secured the ap- pointment of an envoy to be sent to Rome for the purpose of investigating Alexander's election. The envoy. Burchard, Bishop of Halberstadt (Anno's nephew), having pronounced favourably upon the election, Alexander II was recognized as the lawful pontiff, and his rival, Cadalous. excommunicated (1063). The antipope did not, however, abandon his claims. At a counter-synod held at Parma he hurled back the ban and having gathered about him an armed force, once more proceeded to Rome, where he established himself in the Castle of Sant' Angelo and for more than a year defied Uie power of Alexan- der at the Lateran. His cause at length becoming hopeless he fled to his Bishopric of Parma. The Council of Mantua. Pentecost. 106-1, practically ended the schism by anathematizing Cadalous and formally declaring Alexander II to be the legitimate suci of St. Peter. Cadalous. however, maintained his pre- tensions to the day of his death.

Jaffk Regesta PP. Rom. (2nd ed ,1,593 sq.; Wiu, Ben:os Panegyrikus auf Hanrich IV (Marburg, 1856); Hefei.e. Ctm-

ciliengi ■ s'.O ssL': Kktzek. \'oritntcrsucflul

einer Gesch. de II (Strasburg, lss7 ;

antipapa Cadal<> (Hone di Parma in Riy ista delle ecienze >t<>nrh< i Pavia, 1906 I.

Thomas Oestueich.

Caddo Indians, an important group of closely cog- nate and usually allied tribes formerly holding a con- siderable territory in Western Louisiana and Eastern Texas, centring upon the Red. Sabine, and Neches Rivers. In the earlier period they were commonly known to the Spaniards as Tejas, whence the name of the State, and to the French as Cenis or Assinais. Of some twenty small tribes, the principal were the

Nashitosh (Natchitoches), Yatasi, and Ada! I Adayes),

in Louisiana, and the Kadohadaeho (( addodaquio or Caddo proper). Hainai or Hasinai (Assinai I, Nakoho- dotsi (Nacogdoches), Nadako (Anadarko), and llai-

ish (Alliche), in Texas. Tin' Caddo were a sena- ry and agricultural people, living in large, conical, communal, grass thatched houses, and culti- vating abundant crops oi corn, beans, and pumpkins. Their men were brave, but i /e, while their

women were expert potters and mat weavers. In general culture they v.. re "ii a plane with the Choc- taw. Creek.-, and other tribes of the Cull States, and far superior to the n or the

fish-eaters of the Texas I Ley had a fully de-

i clan system with ten elans, in winch di followed the female line. All but one of these (The Sun) were named from animals, and no Caddo would dare to kill the annual from which his clan derived its name. The ■ held sacred and might be

killed, f.ir its '■• by the regularly appointed

priest and after certain propitiatory ceremonies. Their religion savoured of the bloody rites of the Natchez and Aztecs, including cannibalism.

The I La Harpe, describes one of these

savage ceremonies which lie witnessed while sojourn- ing in their villages in 171-'. A large war-party had

arrived from n tribe,

bringing with them two prisoners, all that remained of six unfortunates, the others having been eaten on III.— 9

the way. The prisoners were closely guarded in the open air. as. according to tribal custom, a captive who had once entered a Caddo house was thenceforth free and safe from harm. Two frames were quickly prepared by planting two pairs of stout uprights in the earth about four feet apart, with cross-pieces about one foot and nine feet from the ground. To these frames the doomed men were then fastened, with their outstretched arms bound to the cross- pieces above their heads, and with their whole weight hanging upon the cords. After hanging thus for about half an hour, facing tin 1 rising sun, they were taken down and compelled to dance for their perse- cutors. At evening, having been all day without food, they were again tied up in the same way, facing the setting sun. The next morning they were again suspended from the frames, this time with their faces looking for the last time upon the rising sun, while the wdiole tribe gathered around for the final tragedy. Fires were lighted by each family and large earthen pots filled with water wire placed over the blaze. Two old men, each bearing in one hand a knife and in the other an earthen bowl, then advanced upon the helpless victims anil stabbed them repeatedly until the blood gushed out in streams and was caught in the bowls held below. This was then poured into a pot and cooked until clotted, when it was eaten by the priests. The bodies were then dismembered and a portion given to each family, by whom it was at once cooked and eaten. The cannibal orgy concluded with a dance. Such was the savagery which the mission- aries challenged.

Cabeza de Vaca ma}' have met some of the Caddo in his aimless wanderings in Texas before 1536. De Soto's expedition entered their territory in 1541-2, and about the middle of the next century another Spanish expedition reached their country from Santa Fe. In 1687 the French explorers La Salle and Joutel came into friendly contact with their principal tribes. In May of 1690 the first mission among the Tejas was established under the name of San Francisco de los Tejas, on Trinity River, Texas, by a party of Franciscans under Father Damian Masanet. At this time the total population of the allied Caddo tribes must have been close to 10.000 souls, but in the win- ter of the same year a terrible epidemic, possibly of white origin, reduced their number by 3000, or per- haps one-third, which, with other causes, led to the abandonment of the mission effort in 1693, after three stations had been established. Although the mis- sionaries were thus temporarily withdrawn, the cattle which they had introduced among the Indians were left behind to increase, ami thus augment their food- resources and foster habits of industry. In 1716, the Indians having expressed a wish for the return of their teachers, Captain Diego Ramon, with an escort of troops and a party of twelve Franciscan priests and two lay brothers, came up from the Rio Grande, and after a friendly meeting with the chiefs concluded with them a treaty of peace on behalf of Spain. Four missions were at once established— San Francisco, Purisima Concepci6n, Guadalupe, and San .los/-. among the Nakonodotei, Hasinai. Neches, and Xasoni respectively— all within easy reach of Nacogdoches, where a small garrison was established. Later in I hi year the missions of I (..lores and San Miguel deCuellar were founded among the llai-ish (Aes) and Adai, the last-named being within the present Louisiana, mak- ing six Caddo missions in all.

French hostility accomplished the abandonment and destruction oi' the missions the next year, but in 1721 five of them were re-established, with a strong Spanish post on their eastern frontier to keep oui the French. The Indian population thus brought within mission influence was estimated at nearly 5000, not including the bands on Red River. The missions reached their highest prosperity about the