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 CABRAL

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CADALOUS

ship of princes and kings, many of whom, together with their subjects, were won over to the Faith by his zealous labours. He filled very important places in the government of his order, being superior of Japan for twelve years, master of novices, and rector of the College of San Pablo of Goa, and of the colleges of Cochin, Bazain, and Macao, superior of the professed house of Goa, and finally visitor to India. He died at the age of eighty-one with a great repute for prudence and holiness.

Varones Ilustres de la C'ompania de Jesus (2nd ed., Bilbao, 1887), I, 655-63.

Edward P. Spillane.

Cabral, Pedralvarez (Pedro Alvarez), a cele- brated Portuguese navigator, generally called the discoverer of Brazil, b. probably about 1460; date of death uncertain. Very little is known concerning the life of Cabral. He was the third son of Femao Cabral, Governor of Beira and Belmonte, and Isabel de Gouvea, and married Isabel de Castro, the daugh- ter of the distinguished Fernando de Noronha. He must have had an excellent training in navigation and large experience as a seaman, for King Emmanuel of Portugal considered him competent to continue the work of Vasco da Gama, and in the year 1500 placed him in command of a fleet which was to set sail for India. His commission was to establish permanent commercial relations and to introduce Christianity wherever he went, using force of arms when necessary to gain his point. The nature of the undertaking led rich Florentine merchants to contribute to the equip- ment of the ships, and priests to join the expedition. Among the captains of the fleet, which consisted of thirteen ships with 1,200 men, were Bartolomeu Diaz, Pero Vaz de Caminha, and Nicolao Coelho, the latter the companion of da Gama. Da Gama him- self gave the directions necessary for the course of the voyage.

The fleet left Lisbon, 9 March, 1500, and following the course laid down, sought to avoid the calms of the coast of Guinea. On leaving the Cape Verde Islands, where Luis Pirez was forced by a storm to return to Lisbon, they sailed in a decidedly south-westerly di- rection. On 22 April a mountain was visible, to which the name of "Monte Paschoal" was given; on the 23d Coelho landed on the coast of Brazil, and on the 25th the entire fleet sailed into the harbour called "Porto Seguro". Cabral perceived that the new country lay east of the line of demarcation made by Alexander VI, and at once sent Andreas Goncalvez (according to other authorities, Gaspar de Lemos) to Portugal with the important tidings. Believing the land to be an island he gave it the name of "Island of Vera Cruz" and took possession of it by erecting a cross and holding a religious service. The service was celebrated by the Franciscan, Father Henrique, afterwards Bishop of Ceuta, on the island called Coroa Vermelha in the bay of Cabralia. Cabral resumed his voyage 3 May; by the end of the month the fleet approached the Cape of Good Hope, where it was struck by a storm in which four vessels, including that of Bartolomeu Diaz, were lost. With the ships now reduced to one-half of the original number, Cabral reached Sofala, 16 July, and Mozambique, 20 July; in the latter plan- In- received a cordial greeting. On 26 July he came to Kilwa where he was unable to make an agreement with the ruler; on 2 August he reached Melinde; here he had a friendly welcome and obtained a pilot to take him to India. At Calicut, where he arrived 13 September, he met with many obstacles, so that he was obliged to bombard the town for two days: in Cochin and Kananur. however, he succeeded in making advantageous treaties. Ca- bral started on the return voyage, 16 January, 1501, and arrived at Lisbon, 31 July, or, as is sometimes given. 23 June. On the way home he met l'ero Diaz

whom he had dispatched, during his voyage, to Maga-

doxo, and in September the last of his ships, in com- mand of Sancho de Toar whom he had sent to Sofala, returned to Lisbon. Of his later life nothing is known.

The authorities for the voyage of discovery of Cabral are contained in the reports of eyewitnesses, especially in the letter of Vaz de Caminha to King Emmanuel, of which the original was discovered in 1790. This letter was first pub- lished bv Cazal in his Corograftabrnzili, u 1M7. I. 12-34; the best edition is in the It.n.'t,, do 1,,-lilulo Uistorico Oiographico do Bmsil (Rio de Janen... L877 XL, Pt. II, 12-37. Another narrative is that of a pilot, published bv Ramusio in his Delle Narig. e Yiaggi (Venice. 1563 . I, 121-127. There is also a description of the voyage in R\KRos, Aia (Lisbon. 1552). Dec. I, lib. V, i-x; in Faria y Sorsi, .1 -i Fori I. 1, v. 45-49, and in the writings of other historian^ Y\r\h\of\, Historia gcral do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Is.Vl . I; Materials for a Biog- raphy in Revisla do Inxtttiito llistor. i;,og. do Bravd 1 1843). V, 496-98; Baldaque da Silva, O Descobrimento do Brazil por Pedro Alvarez Cabral (Lisbon, 1S92).

Otto Hartig.

Cabrillo, Estkvan (also called Juan), a Portu- guese in the naval service of Spain, date and place of birth unknown; d. on the island of San Bernardo, 3 Jan., 1543. In 1541 Pedro de Alvarado gathered a fleet of twelve vessels on the coast of Western Mexico (Navidad) for an expedition to the Moluccas. Al- varado was soon after killed in the assault on the rock of Nochiztlan (Jalisco), defended by hostile Indians. The Viceroy iMendoza then sent most of the squadron under the command of Villalobos to the Moluccas, and two of the largest vessels to the north along the coast, appointing Cabrillo as commander. The latter sailed from Navidad in 1542, coasting slowly upwards owing to contrary winds. In the course of his voyage he discovered Santa Catalina, the Santa Barbara channel, Monterey, Cape Mendocino, and the Oregon coast as far as latitude 43°, thus being the discoverer of Oregon and of the entire California coast. Scurvy having broken out among the crew to a violent de- gree, Cabrillo could make but a short stay on the shores of Oregon and Northern California, and had to turn back. His character was distinguished by many honourable features, and his treatment of the abori- gines on the voyage was particularly kind and gener- ous. Nothing else is known of him, except that he was brought up a Catholic and remained in the Faith to the time of his death. The report of Cabrillo has been printed in the "Colecciiin de documentos para la historia de Espana". To that, collection and to the "Coleccion de documentos de Indias" (both printed at Madrid, and very voluminous) the reader must be referred for collateral information. The map of Cabrillo was published by Archbishop Loren- zana (1770). His voyage is mentioned more or less extensively in every work of importance on the early history of North America.

H. H. Bancroft, Histon/ of the Pacific Slates: Clinch. Cali- fornia, and Its M isswhx (San Francisco, 1904 c Bf.ristain de Souza, Biblioteca luspano-umtricana *<:]>!< ntrwnal (Amecaniera, 1883).

An. F. Bandelier.

Caceres. See Nueva Caceres.

Cadalous, Bishop of Parma and antipope, b. in the territory of Verona of noble parentage; d. at Parma, 1072. After the death of Nicholas II, 1061, the cardinals, under the direction of Hildebrand, met in legal form and without any reference to the German Court, elected (30 Sept.) Alexander II, who as An- selm, Bishop of Lucca, had been one of the leaders of the reform party. Twenty-eight days after Alexan- der's election an assembly of bishops and notables (enemies of reform), convoked at Basle by the Emp- ress Agnes as regent for Iter son Henry IV. and pre- sided over by the Imperial Chancellor Wibert, those as antipope the ambitious prelate of Parma, Cada- lous. who assumed the name of Ilonorius II (Oct. 28). In the spring of 1(162 Cadalous with his troops marched towards Home, whither the imperial agent, Benzo, Bishop of Alba, a clever but unscrupulous