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BOUIX

aspirations of his contemporaries without any sacri- fice of Catholic doctrine.

Lagrange, Notice historique aur Mgr. Bougaud in Discours de Mgr. Bougaud (Paris, 1891); Semaine Religieuse de Laval (1888).

G. M. Sauvage.

Bougeant, Guillaume-Hyacinthe, b. at Quimper in Brittany, in 1690; d. at Paris, 1743. He entered the Society of Je.sus in 1706, taught the classics in the College of Caen and Xevers and lived for a num- ber of years in Paris until his death. His "Amuse- ment philosophique sur le langage des betes", pub- lished in 1737, became a cause of considerable annoyance to him and of a short exile from Paris. It was translated into English, Italian, and German. His historical works, on the Thirty Years' War, and on the Treaty of Westphaha have been highlj- praised and are regarded as among the best his- torical books written by Jesuits. They were trans- lated into German. He is also the author of a theological treatise on the form of consecration of the Eucharist, and of a Catechism divided into three parts, historical, dogmatic, and practical. This cat- echism, translated into Italian and German, went through many editions and is still in use. In his three celebrated Comedies, "La Femme Docteur", "Le Saint d^nich^", and "Les Quakres fran^ais" he satirizes the Jansenists. The first of the three went through twenty-five editions in a few months and was translated into Italian, Spanish, Polish, and Dutch. Between 172.5 and 1737 he contributed many articles to the M^moires de Trevoux.

SoMMERVOGEL, Bibliotheque de la c. de J., I, 1873-85.

B. GULDNER.

Boiihours, Dominique, French Jesuit author, ). at Paris. 1.5 May, 1632; d. 27 May, 1702. Enter- ng tiie Society of Jesus at sixteen, he taught gram- iiar and rhetoric at Paris, Tours, and Rouen. A number of works which he composed against the Jansenists, notably " Lettre a un Seigneur de la cour "
 * ind ■• Lettre a Messieurs de Port-Royal ", had a large

circulation, and gained him a prominent place among he critics and litterateurs of the seventeenth centurj'. He also translated the New Testament into French, md his translation has often been reprinted. He is aest known to English readers, however, by his " Vie le S. Ignace" (Paris, 1679) and "Vie de S. Fran^ois- Nkavier" (Paris, 1682). These two biographies were ranslated into English and published at London in 16S6 and 1688 respectively. X new translation, by

clergjTnan of the Diocese of Philadelphia, was uVjlished at Philadelpliia by E. Cummiskey in 1840, ind for a number of years these two works of iouhours' were the most widely circulated biog- ■aphies of the two saints. The only other of the uthor's works done into English is " La maniere de lien penser dans les oeuvres d'esprit". which ap- peared in London in 1705 under the title, "The Art if Criticism ".

DoNCiEux, ?'n i^suite homme de letires au Tvii' siecle (Paris, S86); Bibliothigue de la c. de J.. VII. 1886; Dctodqoet n Dicl. de thiol. catJi.. II, 1091.

S. H. Frisbee.

Bouillart, J.a^cqces, a Benedictine monk of the >)ngregation of St.-Maur, b. in the Diocese of ^hartres. 1669; professed at the Monastery of St. 'aron de Meaux 1687, d. 11 December, 1726. He vas the author of " Histoire de I'abbaye royale de laint-Gennain-des-Pres " (Paris, 1724). This valua- )le history of the celebrated Benedictine monastery wntains biographies of the abbots that ruled over it ince its foundation by Childeric I in 543 and many mportant historical events relative to the famous ab- )ey. Bouillart aLso edited a martyrology of Usuard. n this publication he attempts to establish the genu- neness and authenticity of the manuscript preserved

at Saint-Germain-des-Pr6s, against the Jesuit hagiog- rapher Du Solher, who in his revised edition of LTsuard's martyrology had paid no attention to this manuscript.

De L.\ma, Bibliotheque des eerivains de la congregation de Saint-Maur (Miinich and Paris, 1882), 128; Ziegelbauer, Hist, rei lit. 0. S. B. (.\ugsburg and Wurzburg, 1754), IV, 558; HuRTER. Nomendator (Innsbruck, 1893). II, 1201; Le Cerf, Bibl. hist, et crit. des auteurs de la c. de St. Maur (The Hague 1726).

Mich.\el Ott.

Bouillon, EMM.ixt-EL Theodore de la Toi-r d'Auvergxe, C.4RDIN'.\l de, French prelate and diplomat, b. 24 August, 1643, at Turenne; d. 2 March, 1715, at Rome. The son of Frederick Maurice, Prince of Sedan, he was of the family of the great Marshal Turenne. In 1658, he was ap- pointed a canon of Liege; doctor of the Sorbonne in 1667; created a cardinal in 1669, at the early age of twenty-four, and, finally, provided with several rich benefices and made chief almoner to Louis XIV. But Louvois, the powerful minister of Louis XIV, inspired by enmity t« the house of Turenne, successfully opposed certain of his demands on the king for the benefit of members of his family, and the cardinal's disappointment vented itself in a bitter satire on his royal master. This was used to effect Bouillon's downfall at court. The cardinal then put forth great efforts to obtain the vacant Prince-Bishopric of Liege, but could not overcome the opposition of Louvois, who secured the dignity for Clement Joseph of Bavaria. Bouillon eventually regained the royal favour and was sent as ambassador to Rome. There, contrarj' to the nnshes of his king, he championed the cause of F^nelon against that of Bossuet and did all he could to prevent the condemnation of F^nelon's "Explication des maximes des Saints". He was recalled to France, but alleging as a reason his duties as Dean of the Sacred College, he refused to obey the royal order. His property in France was then seized, whereupon he submitted and returned, but, on his arrival in France, was exiled to his Abbey of Tournus. Wliile in this retirement, and under tlie influence of bitter ennui, the cardinal caused to be composed by Baluze his "Histoire genealogique de la maison d'Auvergne" (1708, 2 vols, in fol.). From his place of retreat, also, on the breaking out of the War of the Spanish Suc- cession, he entered into correspondence with the English Duke of Marlborough, the Earls of Orrery and Galway, and others; and in 1710, after long and vainly soliciting his recall to court, he fled to the Low Countries. A warrant for his arrest was issued by the Royal Parliament, and his possessions again confiscated. But after some years spent abroad, during which the cardinal sent to the king numerous memoirs, endeavouring to justify his conduct, he at last succeeded in obtaining the restitu- tion of his revenues and permission to take up his residence at Rome, where he spent in peace his last days.

De Feller-Perennes, Bioffr, Gmer. (Paris, 1834). II, 470.

Edw.\rd a. Gilligan.

Bouix, Marie Dominique, one of the best known and most distinguished of modern French canonists, b. 15 May, 1808, at Bagncres-de-Bigorre, in the diocese of Tarbes; d. at Montech, France, 26 De- cember, 1870. In 1825, on the completion of liis college course in an institution of his native town, lie entered the Society of Jesus at AN-ignon, with his brother Marcel, and later taught the classics and occupied chairs of philosophy and theology in houses of the order. In 1842, when he was on the eve of his solemn profession, the precarious condition of his health rendered a continuance of the religious life impossible, and he obtained permission to retire