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 BONNABD

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BONNE-ESPERANCE

of Cologne. To secure its support he ordered that every monastery and convent within the archdiocese should either provide two professors or contribute a certain sum of money. He also endeavoured to obtain the papal sanction, but failed. In 1784 Kaiser Joseph II raised the academy to the rank of a uni- versity, and the inauguration took place 20 Novem- ber, 1786. In this first period the university suffered from Febronianism and Rationalism. The leaders were Hedderich (1744-1808), Dereser (1757-1827), and Schneider (1756-94). Pius VI in a Brief of 24 March, 1790, called the archbishop's attention to the deplorable condition of the university, but without result. In 1794 the French invasion obliged the pro- fessors to suspend their courses, and in 1797 the uni- versity was closed. It was restored in 1818 by King Friedrich Wilhelm III. Among its professors of theology were George Hermes (1775-1831), Achter- feldt (1788-1879), and Braun (1801-6.3), originators of the movement known as Hermesianism. Some of their followers, e. g. Elverich (1796-1886), joined the "Old Catholics", a party which also had as adherents Reusch (1825-1900) and several other members of the faculty. Their action led finally to their suspension and e.xcommunication after having created a division among both professors and students of theologj'. The other departments of the university developed rapidly under the direction of Niebuhr (1776-1831) and Arndt (1769-1860) in histor>-, A. W. Schlegel (1767- 1845) in literature, Nasse (1778-1851) in medicine, Kekule (1829-96) and Mohr (1806-79) in chemistry, Clausius (1822-88) in physics. Von Rath (1830-88) in mineralogy, Preyer (1841-97) and Pfluger (1S29— ) in physiology. Since 1868 new buildings have been provided for the scientific departments either in Bonn or in Pappelsdorf. The university comprises at present the Catholic faculty of theology, the Prot- ■estant faculty of theology, and the faculties of law, medicine, and philosophy. There are 284 instructors and 3488 students. In 1905-06, the Catholic faculty of theology had 309 students, the Protestant 80. The library contains 350,000 volumes.

E. A. Pace.

Bonnard, Jean Louis, Venerable, a French missionarj' and martyr, b. 1 March, 1824 at Saint- Christot-en-Jarret (Diocese of Lyons); beheaded 30 April, 1852. After a collegiate course at Saint- Jodard, he entered the seminary of Lyons, which he left at the age of twenty-two, to complete his theo- logical studies at the Serainarj- of the Foreign Missions in Paris. From Nantes, where he was ordained, he sailed for the missions of Western Tongking and reached there in May, 1850. In 1851, he was put in •charge of two parishes there; but as early as 21 March, 1852, he was arrested and cast into prison. Sentence of death was pronounced against him and was ex- -ecuted immediately upon receipt of its confirmation by the king (30 April, 1852). His remains were thro%^Ti into the river, but recovered by Christians and sent by them to the Seminary of Foreign Mis- sions. Bonnard has been declared Venerable by the Church.

Launay, Les cinquante-deux servileurs de Dieu (Paris, 1895), 355-373.

N. A. Weber.

Bonnechose, Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand DE, cardinal and senator, b. at Paris, 1800; d. 1883. Entering the magistracy, he became attorney-general for the district of Besangon in 1830, but having re- ceived sacred orders at Strasliurg, under the episco- pate of de Trevern, he was made professor of sacred eloquence in the school of higher studies founded at Besan^on by Cardinal de Rohan. After the death of •de Rohan, he went to Rome to settle the differences between Bishop de Trevern and himself, due to phil-

osophical opinions found in his work, "Philosophy I of Christianity", for which Bonnechose had written ' an introduction. In 1844, he was named by Rome superior of the community of St. Louis; in 1847 he became Bishop of Carcassonne, was transferred, 4 November, 1854, to Evreux, and in 1854 raised to the archiepiscopal See of Rouen. Created cardinal in 1863, he became e.x-officio senator of the empire. The cardinal showed himself a warm advocate of the temporal power of the popes, and firmly protested against the withdrawal of the French anny from the Pontifical States. In 1870, at the urgent prayers of the citizens of Rouen, not wit list anding his advanced years, he went in the rigour of the season to \'ersailles, the headquarters of the German armies, to entreat King William of Prussia to reduce the war contribu- tion unposed on the city of Rouen. Under the repub- lican government he imiformly opposed the laws and measures passed against religious congregations and their schools, but endeavoured to inspire his clergy with sentiments of deference and conciliation in their relations with the civil authorities. His best known work is "Introduction a la philosopliie du Chris- tianisme" (1835), two octavo volumes.

GuERiN, Diet, des diet. (Paris, 1892); Larousse, Diet. vniv. du A'/A'e si^cle (Paris, 1867).

F. M. L. DuMONT.

Bonne-Esp^Tance, The Abbey of, situated near Binche, province of Hainault, Diocese of Tournai, Belgium. It owes its foundation to the conversion of William, the only son and heir of Rainard, the Knight of Croix. William had been seduced by the heresies of Tanchelm, but through the persuasive exhortations of St. Norbert he had been brought back to the true Church, and his grateful parents, Rainard and Beatrix, had given land to St. Norbert for the foundation of an abbey at Ramignies, while William followed St. Norbert to Premontre. Rami- gnies having been found unsuitable, Odo, the first abbot, led his young colony to another locality in the neighbourhood. The legend says that when Odo saw the spot he exclaimed: "Bonre spei fecisti filios tuos" (Wis., xii, 19 — O God, Thou hast made Thy children to be of good hope). Others say that the statue of Our Lady of Good Hope was venerated there. Whatever may have been the cause. Blessed Odo's confidence was not misplaced. The abbey grew and prospered and has ever sent forth numbers of holy and learned priests. Blessed Odo was suc- ceeded by Blessed Philip, surnamed the Almoner. Abbot Philip is the author of several books which liave been published in Jligne, P. L., CCIII. Blessed Oda, whose heroic act in defence of her virginity has been described by Abbot Philip, was a Norbertine nun in the convent of RivreuUe under the direction of the Abbot of Bonne-Esp^rance. The forty-sixth and last Abbot of Bonne-Esp^rance, Bonaventure Daublain, saw in 1792 and again in 1794 the abbey taken and pillaged and his religious dispersed by the French Republican army. At the time of its suppres- sion the abbey counted sixty-seven inmates. Greatly though they wished to live in conununity, they were not allowed to do so during the French Republic, nor after 1815 under William I, King of the Nether- lands. The last surviving religious gave the .abbey to the Bishop of Tournai for a diocesan seminary. The church is still Norbertine in its appearance, possessing as it does the body of St. Fr^d^ric, which had been saved from the Protestants and brought from the Norbertine Abbey in Holland to the Abbey of Bonne-Esperance in' Belgium. The church is still adorned with the statues of St. Norbert, of St. Frederic, and of two Norbertine bishops, St. Evremonde and St. Isfrid. At the time of the sup- pression the miraculous statue of Our Lady of Good Hope was hidden; and when peace wcs restored, it

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