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BINTERIM

was translated into English (London, 1638); "Viede Ste. Aldegonde" was published in English at Paris (1632); "Purgatory Surveyed," a translation by Fa- ther Ashby (London, 1663), was brought out again by Father .^derdon (London, 1874); "The Rich Man Saved by the Golden Gate of Heaven; Motives and Power of Almsgiving" (Paris, 1627) is dedicated to his mother, who was still living at the age of eighty- five (Latin, Italian, and German translations of this work were pubhshed); "Mary, God's Masterpiece" (Paris, 1634) had six editions. Two years later, he published a work which was received with the great- est enthusiasm: "How Should Religious Superiors Govern?" Twelve editions of this were published in French, three in Latin, three in Itahan, and one in German. "' Divine Favours Granted to St. Joseph " (Paris, 1639) was translated into English (London, 1890). Father Binet's works are marked by a clear, graceful style and quite an original turn of thought; they abound in apt quotations from Scripture and the Fathers; although written 2.50 years ago they still furnish both pleasant and profitable spiritual reading. Father Rinet was the school-fellow and life- long friend of St. Francis de Sales, whose cheerful spirituality his own so much resembles.

Southwell, Bibl.; Papillox. Bibl. des auteurs de Bourgognf; SoM-MERVOQEL, BM., I, 1487-1506; Bdtenschoen in Archiv. litt. de I EuTope. III. 315-325; H.A.MY, Notice bioffraphique, pre- fixed to his edition of Father Binet's Des atiraits. . . de

1 amour de Jesus Christ iParis, 1900).

P.^TRicK H. Kelly. Binet, Jacques-Philippe-M.\rie, French mathe- matician and astronomer, b. at Rennes, in Brittaiiv,

2 February, 1786; d. in Paris, 12 May, 1856. After two years of study at the Ecole Polytechnique, he was appointed, in 1806, student-engineer in the government department of bridges and roads. Teaching, however, soon attracted him. For some time, he was professor of mathematics at the Lycee Napoleon. He then became, at the Ecole Poly- technique, successively, rt'pctiteur of descriptive geometrj', examiner, professor of mechanics, and inspedeur-gcncral of studies. In 1823, he succeeded Delambre in the chair of astronomy at the Coll'ge de France. Because of his intense devotion to the cause of Charles X, the Government of July, 1830, removed him from the Ecole Polj'technique, al- though it allowed him to retain his professorship at the College de France. He had been made a mem- ber of the Society Philomathique, in 1812. In 1843, he was elected to succeed Lacroix in the Acad^mie des Sciences, of which he was a most active member and had become president at the time of his death. Binet was a man of modest manner and a devout Cathohc.

To mathematics, mechanics, and astronomy, Binet contributed many valuable articles on a great va- riety of topics. These articles were pubhshed in the "Bulletins de la Soci^t^ philomatliique", in the "Comptes rendus de I'Acad^mie des sciences", in the "Journal des Mathematiques" (Liou\'ille) and, chiely, in the "Journal de I'Ecole polytechnique." He also re'nTote, to a large extent, the second volume of the "Mecanique analytique" of Lagrange for the edition of 1816. A few of his principal ar- ticles are: "Memoire sur la thforie des axes con- jugufe et des moments d'inertie des corps", enun- ciating the principle sometimes called Binet's Theorem (Journ. de I'Ec. pol., IX, 1813; "Memoire sur la determination analytique d'une sphere tan- gente a quatre autres spheres" (ibid., X, 1815); "Memoire sur la determination des orbites des planetes et des coraetes ' (ibid., XIII, 1831); "Me- moire sur les integrales definies eul^riennes et sur leur application a la th^orie des suites ainsi qu'a I'dvaluation des fonctions des grands nombres" (ibid., XVI, 18.39; Paris, 1840); "Memoire sur les in6gili'es s^culaires du mouvement des planetes"

(Journal de Math., V, 1840); "Memoire sur la formation d'une classe tres 6tendue d'^quations r^ciproques renfermant un nombre quelconque de variables" (Paris, 1843).

Comptes rendus de VAcademie de sciences; Journal de VEcole polutechnigue.

P.\TJL H. LiNEHAN.

Binius, Severix, historian and critic, b. in 1573 in the village of Randerath, Western Germany; d. 14 Februarj-, 1641. He made his studies at the gym- nasium of St. Lawrence, in Cologne, and later taught in the same school for several years. After his ordi- nation to the priesthood he obtained the degree ol Doctor of Divinity from the University of Cologne, where he taught general ecclesiastical history and ecclesiastical discipline, eventually becoming (1627- 30) Rector Magnificus of the university. Binius was successively canon in two chapter-churches of Cologne and finally in the cathedral. In 1631 he was made counsellor and vicar-general of the archdiocese, a promotion due to his learning and one which was amply justified by his ability in managing the affairs of the archdiocese. Besides his many ordinary occupations he was active in the ecclesiastical minis- try; he was also very charitable towards the poor, especially to needy students.

The reputation of Binius is o%\"inCT chiefly to his edition of the Councils of the Church. The pre- vious collections by Jacques Merlin, Peter Crabbe. and Lorenzo Surius appeared incomplete to him. lacking as they did explanatory notes. With the help of other scholars he prepared a new edition of the councils in four volumes (Cologne, 1606) under the title "Concilia generalia et provincialia". It gives only the Latin text, and contains the acts of the councils, the decretal letters, and the lives of the popes. Binius added copious explanatory notes, drawn largely from the "Ecclesiastical Annals" of Baronius. A second edition, considerably enlarged and containing also the Greek text, appeared at Cologne in 1618. In 1639 a third edition in nine volumes appeared at Paris, in preparation for which extensive use was made of the collection of councils published at Rome from 1608 to 1612. Binius also prepared an edition of the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen, and Eva- grius.

Kessel in Kirchenlex, (Freibiu-g. 18871 11: Httrter. No- menclator (Innsbruck, 1892). I; Hefele. Conci/iV-nsfsc-A. (Frei- burg, 1S73), I; Hartzheim, BtJf. Co/on. (Freiburg. 1747). 295. Francis J. Sch.aefer.

Binterim, Antox Joseph, b. at Dusseldorf, 19 September, 1779; d. at Bilk, 17 May, 1855; a theologian of repute and for fifty years parish-priest of Bilk. He attended the Jesuit school in his native town, and then entered the Franciscan Order at Diisseldorf, 8 May, 1796. After his studies at Diiren and Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), he was ordained priest at Cologne, 19 September, 1802. On the sup- pression (1803) of the Franciscan monaster,- to which he was attached, he was forced to retire from the religious life; after the usual examinations, he was appointed pastor of Bilk, 21 June. 1805, and ad- ministered the parish until his death. Father Binterim was the author of numerous theological treatises in defence of the Church against the attacks of the rationalists of the da}', drawing his material from ancient ecclesiastical and literarj" sources. His many successes in controversy gained him numerous enemies and particularly the hatred of the partisans of Hermes who accused him of unlawful intrigue with Rome, evil transactions with the Jesuits, and treason- able practices against the Government. At one pe- riod, he suffered imprisonment for six months in the citadel of Wesel. Father Binterim vTOte indefatl- gably against the existing evil of mixed marriages and