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(founded in the eighth century), Schej'em (1112), and Andeehs (1455), and founded new monasteries at Augsburg (1834), Munich (1835), Meltenburg (1842), and Schiiftlarn (1866). Pius IX restored the congregation (1858) comprising the above houses, of which the Abbot of Metten is president. The abbeys of Planlcstetten (1189) and Ettal (1330) were restored in 1900 and 1904, respectively and added to the congregation.

(14) The Hungarian Congregation. — This congre- gation diiTers from all others in its constitution. It comprises the four abbevs of Zalavdr (1019), Bakony- bel (1037), Tihany (iOoo), and Domolk (1252), which are dependent on the Arch-Abbey of Monte Pannonia (Martinsberg), and to these are added six " re.sidences " or educational estabhshments con- ducted by the monks. The members of this body are professed for the congregation and not for any particular monastery, and they can be moved from one house to another at the discretion of the arch- abbot and his sixteen assessors. The arch-abbey was founded by Stephen, the first king of Hungary, in 1001, and together with the other houses enjoys an unbroken succession from the date of foundation. The congregation is affihated to the Cassinese, though it enjoys a status of comparative inde- pendence.

(15) The Callican Congregation. — This, the first of the new congregations of the nineteenth century, was established in 1837 at Solesmes in France by Dom Gu^ranger. He had been professed at St. Paul's, Rome, and though at one time desirous of joining the community of Monte Cassino, was urged by the Bishop of Le Mans to restore the Benedictine Order in France. He acquired possession of the old Maurist priory of Solesmes, which Pope Gregory XVI made an abbey and the mother-house of the new congregation. He also declared it to be the true successor to all the privileges formerly enjoyed by the congregations of Cluny, St.-Vannes, and St.- Maur. Gueranger was soon joined by nimibers of zealous monks, which enabled him to send out several offshoots. In this way Ligug^, originally founded by St. Martin of Tours in 360, was restored in 1853, Silos (Spain) in 1880, Glanfeuil in 1892, and Fonta- nelle (St. Wandrille), founded 649, in 1893. New foundations were likewise made at Marseilles in 1865, Farnborough (England), and Wisque in 1895, Paris 1893, Kergonan 1897, and a cell from Silos was established in Mexico in 1901. The comnuinity

as possible, using the parish church for the Di\ine- Office. Each time they succeeded in re-entering: their abbey, but at the final expulsion in 1903 they were, in common with all other religious of France, driven out of the country. The Solesmes monks have settled in the Isle of Wight, England, those of Fontanelle, Glanfeuil, Wisque, and Kergonan have gone to Belgium, those of Ligugd to Spain, and those

of Solesmes have been expelled from their monastery by the French government no less than four times. In the years 1880, 1882, and 1883 they were ejected by force, and, being afforded hospitality in the neighbourhood, kept up their corporate life as far

St. Vincent's Arch-Abbey, Beatty, Penn.

of Marseilles to Italy. The Fathers at Paris have- been allowed to remain, in consideration of the im- portant literary and liistorical work on which they" are engaged. This congregation has endeavoured to carry on the work of the Maurists, and numbers many well-known writers amongst its members. The Abbot of Solesmes is the superior general, to which position he has been twice re-elected.

(16) The Congregation of Beuron. — This congrega- tion was founded by Dom Maurus Wolter, who, whilst a seminary professor, was fired with the desire- of restoring the Benedictine Order in Germany. He went to St. Paul's, Rome, where he was joined by his two brothers, and all -were profe.ssed in 1856, one dying soon after. The two sur\ivors. Maurus and Placid, set out in 1860. with a sum of £40 and the pope's blessing, to reconquer Germany for St. Benedict. In 1863, through the influence of the Princess Katharina von HohenzoUem, they obtained possession of the old Abbey of Beuron, near Sig- maringen, which had been originally founded in 777, but was destroyed in the tenth century by Hungarian invaders and later restored as a house of canons regular; it had been unoccupied since 1805. Dom Maurus became the first abbot of Beuron and superior of the congregation. In 1872 a colony was sent to Belgium to found the Abbey of Maredsous, of which Dom Placid was first abbot. The com- munity of Beuron were banished in 1875 by the " May Laws" of the Prussian Government and found a temporary home in an old Servite monastery in the Tyrol. Whilst there their numbers increased sufficiently to make new foundations at Erdington, England, in 1876, Prague in 1880, and Seckau, Styria, in 1883. In 1887 Beuron was restored to them , and since then new houses have been established at Maria Laach, Germany (1892), Louvain, and BiUer- beck, Belgium (1899 "and 1901), and in 1895 the Portuguese monastery of Cucujaes was added to the congregation. The founder died in 1900, and his brother, Dom Placid Wolter, succeeded him as Arch- abbot of Beuron.

(17) The American Cassinese Congregation. — Noth- ing very definite can be said with regard to the first Benedictines in North .\mcrica. There were proba- bly settlements amongst the Eskimo from Iceland,, by way of Greenland, but these nmst have disap-