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 BARTHOLOMEW

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BARTHOLOMEW

Braga, 1567). The archbishop now devoted himself most zealousl5' to the task of carrjing out the re- forms of the Council of Trent as well as the decrees of his own provincial synod. A great famine and a \'isitation of the plague revealed the deptlis of his charity. After repeated requests, having received, on 20 Februarj-, 15S2, permission to resign his see, he withdrew to the monasterj' of his order at Viana, to prepare in solitude for the end.

In 184.5 Gregorj' XVI declared him Venerable. In the interests of a truly Christian life and the promo- tion of ecclesiastical discipline, he ■nTote: "Compen- dium spiritualis doctrinieex variis sanct. Patrum sen- tentiis magna ex parte collectum" (Lisbon, 1.582); "Stimulus pastorum ex gravissimis sanct. Patrum sententiis concinnatus, in quo agitur de vita et mori- bus episcoporum aliorumque prselatorum" (Rome, 1564; published at the instance of St. Charles Bor- romeo); "Catechismo ou Doutrina Christiana" (Lis- bon, 1562). All these wTitings have been frequently republished and translated into several languages. A collective edition is: "Opera omnia cura et studio Malachisp d'Inguinbert, archiep. Theodos." (1 vol. fol. in 2 parts, Rome, 1734-35).

QrETiF-EcHARD, Script. OTd. Prrrd. (Paris. 1721), II. 296; MuN'OZ, Vida de Fra Bartolome de los Martyres (Madrid, 1{>45); De S-\ct. La vie de Dom Barthelemy des Martyrs (Paris, 1663). There is a detailed biography in the introduction to the above-mentioned collective edition of his works. For his beatification, Romana seu Bracharen. beatificationis et canoni- zationis Barth. de Martyribus positio super virtutibus (3 vols, fol.. Rome, 1819-44 1.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Bartholomew of Braganca, b. about 1200; d. 1 July, 1271. He made his studies at Padua, re- ceiving there the habit of the Dominican Order from the hands of St. Dominic. According to Leander, author of the oldest life of Bartholomew, he was made master of the sacred palace in 1235, during the px)ntificate of Gregory IX; but there is no mention of this event in his last testament, where he expressly states the important positions held by him. He was appointed to the See of Nemonicum, in Cj-prus, 1248; what city this was is not now known. While King Louis of France was engaged upon his expedition against the Infidel. Bartholomew joined the king and queen at Joppa, Sidon, and Acre, in the character of ApostoHc legate, according to some wTiters, his own account merely stating that he visited the king and queen at these places. King Louis desired him to make a visit to France, promising rich relics for his church, should he comply with the request. To ensure the presence of so distinguished a prelate at his o^ti court. Alexander IV made him Bishop of Virenza, in 1256, and during his tenure of that see he was subject to the tjTanny of Ezzelino. a notorious enemy of religion. This persecution, however, served to bring out the true qualities of pastor which Bartholomew possessed in a high degree. It has been said that he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem, but this is doubtful, his testament being silent on this point also. In 1254, he was sent as legate to the courts of England and France and as Henrj- III was, at this time, in Aquitaine, thither Bartholomew betook himself, towards the close of that year, ac- companying the English king and queen to Paris. He was, on this occasion, presented by the King of France with a relic of the true Cress and a thorn from Our Sa\-iour's Cro^Ti. These he afterwards placed in the beautiful Dominican Church, built by him, at Vicenza and knoi\-n as the Church of the Crown. He was venerated by the people and, accord- ing to the BoUandists, has always been honoured with the title of Blessed. He vTOte commentaries on Scripture, was the reputed author of a commentary cn the " Hierarchy" of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, rf two volumes of sermons, and some smaller works.

Acta SS., July, I, 246 sqq.; also May. VII. 692.

W1LL1.A.M Devlin.

Bartholomew of Brescia, an Italian canonist, b. probably in the .second half of the twelfth century at Brescia; d. 1258. He studied Roman and eccle- siastical law at Bologna, where he himself became a teacher. It is believed that he was murdered, when Ezzelino, the leader of the Ghibellines, captured Brescia (1258). His literarj- work consisted almost entirely in the re\-ision of the productions of other ^^Titers. His "Brocarda", or Canonical Rules (Ly- ons, 1519), were a working-over of those of Damasus (twelfth and thirteenth centuries); his "Casus decre- torum " were a revision of the "Casus" of Benencasa (d. c. 1206); the "Historic super libro Decr?torum" reproduced the work of an unknown author. Both his "Casus" and "Historiae" derive their importance from their incorporation into the Paris edition (1505) of Gratian's " Decretum". The "Ordo Judiciarius"of Tancred (d. c. 1235) was also re\-ised by Bartholomew. More important than the preceding works was his "Glossa Ordinaria" to the " Decretum" of Gratian, a correction of the "Glossa", or "Apparatus", of Johannes Teutonicus (thirteenth centurj')- His only certain independent work was the "Qusestiones dominicales et \eneriales", lectures delivered on Sundays and Fridays.

ScHuLTE, Gesch. der Quellen u. Literatur des kan. Rechts (Stuttgart, 1875-801. II. 83-88; Scherer in Kirche-nlti . (2d ed., Freiburg, 1882), I, 2055, 2056; Htjrteh, Nomen- clator.

N. A. Weber. Bartholomew of Carranza. See Carranza, B.\r-

TOLOMEO.

Bartholomew of Edessa, Syrian apologist and polemical writer. The place of his birth is not known, it was probablj' Edessa or some neighbouring town, for he was certainly a monk of that city, and in his refutation of Agarenus, he calls himself several times "the monk of Edessa". The time in which he flourished is also doubtful; it is certain, however, that it was after the Mohammedan con- quest of SjTia, and the controversy concerning the sacred images which began in 725. There is a work of his written in Greek, which he directed against one Agarenus, a Mohammedan. The be- ginning of the refutation is lost; the title as given bj' Le Mojme (Varia Sacra. Leyden. 1685). is "Klen- chus et Confutatio Agareni". This work may be read in the Migne collection. P. G., CVI, 1381-1448. This treatise, as it now stands, opens with a state- ment of the objections of Mohammedans against Christianity, among which are the dogmas of the Blessed Trinity, of the Incarnation, and of Con- fession. Bartholomew then gives his answers, and makes many counter-charges against Mohammed and his so-called Revelation.

The main lines of argumentation are taken from the life of the prophet himself. Bartholomew shows that nothing either Ln his parentage, educa- tion, or hfe betrays any God-given mission. From this he concludes that jlohammed was an impostor, preaching without any Divine credentials. Bar- tholomew is well acquainted not only with the Christian position which he defends, but also with the position of his adversaries; he knows the cus- toms, practices, and beliefs of the Arabs, and he boasts that he has read all of their books. A second treatise "Contra Muhammedum" is also printed in Mlgne (loc. cit.. 1448-58) under the name of Bartholomew of Edessa; but, in spite of the nu- merous resemblances, explainable otherwise than by identity of authorship, the differences are of such a nature as to make the ascription of it to Bar- tholomew unju.stified. Such are e. g. the names and the number of Mohammed's wives and children; the editor of the Koran; the Nestorian monk who taught Mohammed Christianity, etc.