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 BAILLOQUET

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BAINES

thought so well of the " History of the Conflict be- tween Boniface VIII and Philippe le Bel" that he edited it (Paris, 1718).

To the third and by far the most imprartant group belong: " Devotion a la ^'ie^ge et le culte qui lui est du" (Paris. 1694; Tournai. 1712). The avowed pur- pose of this book is to clear Mariologj' from indiscreet devotions, but Baillet clearly overreaches himself by bluntly denj-ing the Immaculate Conception and the .^.ssumption of Marj-. and by attacking devotions sanctioned by the Cliurch. The book was put on the "Index Expurgatorius " donee eorrigatur in 1694 and 1701. The erudition displayed in "Les vies des saints, composecs sur ce qui nous est reste de plus authentique et de plus assure dans leur his- toire" (Paris 1701 and 1794) is prodigious, yet the greater part of it (from Januarj' to .\iigust) was put on the Index in 1707 and 1711. The cause of that con- demnation is the hypercritical spirit evinced through- out in the " Vie des Saints ". While aiming at doing away with imauthenticated miracles, Baillet comes very near casting doubt on all miraculous manifesta- tions. Benedict XIV (De festis, II, x\-i, 8) calls him a man with an intemperate mind and an ever-ready disposition to impeach even the best attested facts. The Bollandist Stilting (Acta SS., V, 458, 488) says of him, apropos of Bl. Louis Allemand: "I deem it unnecessary to refute a man who, I find, stumbles at nearly every step". Other Bollandists reproach him for not keeping the rules he had so well laid down in his  Jugements", and find him fre- quently at fault, now by excess of criticism, now by excess of credulity. Eusebius is almost the only an- cient historian who finds favour with Baillet. All the other writers of hagiologj- are held by him in suspicion and almost in contempt. That frame of mind could not yield good results. " Some French critics in sacred biography", says Alban Butler, in the in- troduction to his Lives of the Saints", "have tinctured their works with a false and pernicious leaven, and, imder the name of criticism, established scepticism". That sentence applies in a measure to Baillet. His contemporaries were not mistaken as to the origin of that pernicious leaven. The Bishop of Gap, Berger de MaUs.soIes, in prohibiting the work in liis diocese, wrote: "That book on a great many points of dogma and discipHne savours the sentiments not only of Jansenism but also of the so-called re- formers".

La Mosnoie. Abrege de la vie de M, Baillet (Amsterdam, 1725): HuRTER, Nomendator (Innsbruck. 1892); Migne, Diction, de biographie chretienne (Paris, 1851).

J. F. SOLIIER.

Bailloquet, Pierre, missionary among the In- dians of Canada, b. in 1612, at Saintes, France; d. in the Ottawa missions, 7 June, 1692. He entered the Society of Jesus at BordeaiLx, 20 November, 1631, and after ordination was sent as a missionary to Canada. He arrived at Quebec in the summer of 1647, and for forty-five years laboured and suffered among the .savage tribes that roamed the vast terri- tory extending from Acadia in the east to the lands of the Illinois in the far west. The hardships and privations he endured are well nigh incredible. Ac- cording to the "Relations" he frequently had "the earth for bed and mattress, and strips of bark for a palace, which was filled le.ss with air than with smoke"; and owing to his zeal he was often in danger of being tomahawked or burned at the stake by the savages. When almost eighty years of age and stricken with grievous infirmity, he dragged himself across the snow for leagues to go to the huts of those who were unable to come to him. He died in his eightieth year, having been sixty-one years in the religious life.

De Guilhermt, Mi-noloqe de la c. de J., Aasistancf de France, 1. 711; Thwaites, Jesuit Relationt. LXXII, 70.

E. P. Spillane.

Baily, Tho.m.\s, a Catholic clergyman, b. in York- shire, England; d. at Douai, France, 7 October, 1591. He was a student at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of .\rts in 1546. Soon after he became a Fellow of that house, receiv- ing the degree of Master of Arts in 1549. In 1554 he was appointed Proctor and in the following year he •subscribed to the Roman CathoUc Articles, .\bout November, 1557, he was appointed Master of Clare Hall and was given the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1558. In the same year Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne and efforts were made by the Protestant party to gain recruits to its ranks, but Baily refused to conform to the new rehgion. As a consequence he was deprived of his JIastership. He next \-isited Louvain, where he remained until 30 Januarj-, 1576. during the interval receiving tlie degree of Doctor of DiWnity. From Louvain he went to Douai at the in\"itation of Doctor Allen (afterwards Cardinal), during whose absence he usually filled the position of President of the English College both at Douai and Reims. He finally left Reims, 27 Januarj-, 1589. returning to Douai, where he remained imtil his death. He was associated with Cardinal Allen in the management of the College, the distribution of the labour being that Cardinal Allen had charge of the disciphne. Dr. Bailj' the temporal affairs, and Dr. Bristow, another of Cardinal Allen's co-labourers, the studies. He was buried in the Chapel of St. Nicholas in the parish church of St. James, Douai. Cooper in Diet. Nat. Bing., II, 432; Gili.ow, Bibl. Did. Eng. Cath., I, 105. ThOMAS G.^FNEY T.^^.FFE.

Bainbridge, Christopher, Archbishop of York, and Cardinal, b. at Hilton, near Applebj-, in West- moreland, probably 1464; d. at Rome, 14 Julj-. 1514. He proceeded to Oxford, entering Queen's College, of which he became provost in or before 1495, being about that time admitted LL.D.; he became later a liberal benefactor to his college. He held a num- ber of benefices, including the treasurership of the Diocese of London, on Henry VII's presentation, and Master of the Rolls, a post he held till his elevation to the See of Durham, which took place in 1507, nominated thereto bj- the king, who restored the temporahties of the see to him. He was consecrated on 12 December. This see he held but a short while, being translated to York the next year by a papal Bull dated 20 September, 1.508. In 1509 he was sent by Henry VIII as his ambassador to Rome. Jufius II created him a cardinal on 10 March, 1511. gi\'ing him the title of St. Praxedis, in reward for negotiating Henrj-'s adherence to the pope as against France, for which country he felt a strong antipathj- all his hfe. As cardinal he was commissioned bj' JuUus to lead a militarj- expedition against Ferrara, which he successfully besieged. He endeavoured to secure from Pope Leo X the bestowal on Henry of the title of "Most Christian King" which Louis of France had forfeited bj- waging war against tht pope; but the peace of 1514 made this project abortive. Bainbridge was poisoned by an Italian priest named Rinaldo de Modena, who acted as his steward or bursar, in revenge for a blow which the cardinal, a man of violent temper, had given him. It was hinted that the crime was perpetrated at the instigation of Sj'lvester de Giglis, Bishop of Wor- cester, the resident English ambassador at Rome, but de Giglis exonerated himself. Bainbridge was buried in the Enghsh Hospice, now known as the English College, Rome. He was a stout upholder of Henry's interests at the Curia.

Gairdxer in Diet. Nat. Bioqr.; Wood, Aihence Oxon.; Godwin. De Pra^aul.; Le Neve, h aMi; Sti-bbs, Episc. Succes- sion; Weaver, Somerset Incumbents.

Hen-ry N. Birt. Baines, Peter AfcusTixE, titular Bishop of Siga, one of the most striking figures among English Cath-