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tion. The local supervision over the public schools, as well as the supervision of all local school funds, including those of each religious confession, is en- trusted to the tovra council; at the same time each of the creeds represented in the community is repre- sented by its pastor. In the appointment of teachers to public schools all possible respect is had for the religious belief of the cliildren; in schools attended by children of only one creed the teachers are to be of that creed. Religious instruction is pro\'ided and super\ised by the respective churches and congre- gations. They may be assisted in this by teachers. The general plan of religious instruction is laid out by the higher spiritual authorities and supers-ised by their deputies. The establishment of private educational institutions is permitted, but only under certain conditions; these establishments are under state supervision; from time to time the school authorities visit them and hold examinations. Eccle- siastical corporations and institutions may found educational establislmients only on the passage of a special law. Members of religious orders or of religious congregations that resemble orders are forbidden to teach in any educational institution in the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Government may grant exemption to indi\nduals, but such exemption is revocable at will. Churches are authorized to main- tain institutions for the theological and practical training of young men for the priesthood, and to conduct boarding houses {Konvikte) for students who frequent the gj-mnasia or the university with the intention of preparing themselves for the ecclesi- astical state.

IV. St.\tistics. — Baden, with the Hohenzollern territories belonging to Prussia, forms the Archdiocese of Freiburg. The strong intermixture of creeds throughout Baden is a result of the earlier territorial dismemberment described above. According to the census of 1905, in 34 of the 53 judicial districts, the Catholics are in the majority. They are especially strong in the north-east (the Tauber valley), the farther Odenwald, and the southern half of Baden. Even here, however, predominantly Protestant dis- tricts are to be found, e. g. Kehl, Lahr, Emmen- dingen, the Margravate of Sulzburg as far as Basle, and the valley of the Wiese as far up as Lorrach; in addition to the districts just mentioned, the country on both sides of the Neckar and the Lower Rhine are overwhelmingly Protestant. Ecclesiastically, Baden is divided into 3 city chapters and 36 rural chap- ters, with about 814 parishes and curacies, 114 chap- laincies, and 259 assistants. The cathedral parish of Freiburg and the parish of St. Peter are exempted from the above-mentioned chapter system. Besides this, there are 3 military and 3 institutional chaplain- cies. At the beginning of 1907 Baden had 1,260 Catholic priests, i. e. pastors, assistants, and chap- lains. Of the 1187 ecclesiastical benefices of Baden. 295 are in the gift of the Grand duke as patron; 264 are left to the free collation of the archbishop; 145 are filled through presentations by noblemen, land- owners, and others; 168 are disposed of by the so- called terna, i. e. the archbishop proposes to the Grand duke three candidates for a benefice, and the latter selects one for canonical institution. In the case of 9 benefices, the right of presentation is alternate; in 47 cases it is disputed or unknown. The salarj' of pas- tors and beneficed clergy is derived from the temporal- ities of the living; the income of poorly equipped parishes is supplemented by an annual state appro- priation which sometimes amounts to S50,000.

Orders and Congregalions. — Male orders and con- gregations are prohibited from making any founda- tions in the Grand Duchy of Baden. In proportion to the population, the number of orders and congre- gations of women is small, and new foundations are vigorously opposed by the Government. The fol-

lowing teaching orders are represented: the Sisters of the Holy Sepulchre in Baden-Baden, the Domini- can Sisters in Constance, Cistercian Sisters in Lich- tenthal near Baden-Baden, in Offenburg the Choir Sisters of St. Augustine from the congregation of Notre Dame (with a branch in Rheinburg), the Ursulines in Villingen (with a branch in Breisach); there are in all .5 orders for the education of girls. The following congregations for the care of the sick are represented in Baden: the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, with mother-house at Freiburg, the Sisters of St. Francis, with mother-house at Gengenbach, the Sisters of the Holy Cross from Ingenbohl in Switzer- land, with mother-house at Hegne, near Constance. In addition there are in Baden the Vincentian Sisters from the mother-house at Strasburg, Sisters of the Most Holy Sa\-iour (the so-called Niederbronn Sis- ters), from the. mother-house at Oberbronn, Alsace. Franciscan Sisters from the mother-house at Mallers- dorf, Bavaria, Josephite Sisters from St. Marx (Alsace), also Sisters of the Holy Cross from the mother-house at Strasburg.

Education. — As explained above, the school system is entirely under the direction of the State; conse- quently there are but few purely Catholic educational institutions. For the training of the Catholic clergy- there are the archiepiscopal seminary (Priester- seminar) at St. Peter, the home (Konrikt) for theo- logical students at Freiburg, and 4 gjinnasial board- ing schools at Constance, Freiburg, Rastatt, and Tauberbischofsheim. At the state university (Frei- burg) there is a faculty of Catholic theology number- ing 11 professors; the number of theological students during the summer semester oi 1907 was 226. The 62 Government intermediate schools of Baden (17 classical gjTimasia, 3 " real ", 4 preparatorj-, 7 higher gj'mnasia; 23 Rcatschtilen, 8 high schools) recorded an attendance in 1905 of 5,157 CathoUc students. In 17 of the Government intermediate schools reli- gious instruction is given by 26 specially appointed priests (Religionslehrer); in the others religious in- struction is cared for by the local clergy. Of the 11 private intermediate schools for boys, the Institute and School of Monsignor Lender in Sasbach (Progym- nasium and Realschule) is Catholic in character; in 1905 it had 483 CathoUc students, and 8 priests as rehgious instructors. The 7 government high schools for girls had in 1905 an attendance of 964 Catholic students. Of the 33 private intermediate schools for girls, attended by 1,437 Catholic girls, 5 are distinctly Catholic in character, and have an attendance of 1,132. The Catholic periodicals now published in Baden number 25.

Charitable Institutions. — In Baden there are 254 institutions for the care of the sick, ■with 13,800 beds; about 100 of these hospitals, infirmaries, etc. are directed, or are actually served, by Catholic orders and congregations. The Diocese of Freiburg con- tains 3 orphanages (Riegel, Gurtweil, and Walldiirn); in the village of Herthen there is a large institution for the care of imbeciles, with about 400 inmates, under the direction of the Sisters of the Holy Ooss; in Heitersheim there is a large institution for the reclamation of girls, directed by a Catholic sisteihood. The Baden non-sectarian Red Cross Society, to which many Catholics belong, has 34 relief-centres for men. with about 5,500 members, and 333 unions for wo- men, \\-ith 57,600 members; the association main- tains 75 stations with about 470 employes. There are in Baden 13 Catholic homes for servant girls.

Catholic Societies. — Concerning these societies there are no adequate statistics. We may mention, how- ever, the People's Union (Volksverein) for Catholic Germany, with 27,100 members, Catholic working- men's unions (150), Catholic journejTnen 's unions (53), apprentices' unions and clubs for young men (35), and St. Joseph's unions (2). Freiburg is the