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 AYMERIC

165

AYMERIC

with negroes has been frequent. Still there are certainl}' several hundred thousands of them, count- ing in such ynestizos (Cliolos) as live according to Indian customs. The name "AjTuard" rather ap- plies to the language, which seems allied to the Quichua, or prevailing Indian idiom of the Peruvian mountains and of the southern part of the Bolivian highlands. The Aymara are chiefly mountaineers, inhabiting the elevated table land, or Puna, between the eastern Cordillera and the volcanic coast chain. Limited agriculture, the raising of potatoes and kindred tubers, of quinua {chenopodiuin quinud), maize in the few places where it will tlirive at the general altitude of over 12,000 feet of the table land. The raising of the llama and alpaca and of some cattle and donkeys, are their chief occupations, also service in the cities as journey- men, and on the lake-shore as ste\-edores. They live in tribal com- munities {estan- cia.t), autonom- ous, and with executive officers (hikicata and al- calde) whom they choose after the indications of their chief medi- cine-men, to be afterwards con- firmed by the civil authorities of Bolivia. Dura- tion of office is mostly one year. They paj' a per capita tax, are not subject to military duty in theory, and are seldom required to perform any. Manj' of these Indians, while apparently indigent, possess no little wealth, chiefly in coin. Some of them are also artisans. They are nominally Catholics, but preserve a remnant of ancient idolatrj', with its rituals and ceremonies, carefully hidden from out- siders. In appearance stolid and humble, they are in fact a cruel, treacherous stock, averse to e\ery attempt at progress, hostile to the whites, par- ticularly to foreigners. But they sometimes make good house servants. They were first visited by the Spaniards in the last days of 1533, whom they re- ceived well, owing to their hatred of the Inca tribe of Cuzco. The latter had overrun most of the Lake territory in the course of the fifteenth century and establi.shed themselves on the Islands of Titicaca and Koati (see articles) and at Copacavana on the mainland. The relations between the Kollas — as the Qui( liua call the Aymani to this day (see Kollao) — and the Incas ^\■pre not friendly. The Spaniards were at first treated with hospitality, but as soon as they returned in greater numbers the western and soutliwestern Aymara rose in arms and had to be repressed by force. During the civil wars (1.538 to 1554) the Aymard remained passive and suffered Gike the rest of the Peruvian Indians) from the consequences. I'prisings of Aymara groups against the Spaniards began in 1629, and local disturbances (in many of which the Indians were at fault) con- tinued. In 1780 a general uprising began among the .\ymara of western Bolivia, but there was no concerted action, and although there were terrible ma.ssacres, and the investment of La Paz by the Aymard almost ended in the capture of that city,

Aymara Nativi

the Indians were finally subdued in 1782. Since then they have remained comparatively quiet. While a necessary and important element as land-tU- lers and freighters, journe3'men and house servants, they would be, on account of their numbers, a steady menace to Bolivia, were it not for their incapacity for united efforts, their adherence to primitive cus- toms preventing any submission to a common leader. With the coming introduction of railways in Bolivia, the AjTnard wUl have to submit, and modify their habits and customs.

The earliest and best description of the northern and central .\ymard is found in the Relatione per Sua Matsta, written 1.5 July, 1534, by Pedro Sancho in the name of Pizarro and officers, and published (in Italian) by Ramusio in vol. Ill (lo6o).— ffeinritm del S-Uio del Cuzco. 1539 (Madrid, by Jimenez de la Espad.v); Cieza, Parte primera de la cronita del Peril (Antwerp, 1555): Segunda Parte (Madrid); Jtr.AN DE Bet.vnzos, Suma y Narracion de los Incas, 1551 (recent publication at Madridl; Garch-asso de la Veg.a, Com^n- tarios reales de los Incas (Lisbon, 1609); Oviedo, Jiistorm, general y natural de las Indias (Madrid, 1850); Herrera, Historia general de los Hechoa de los Casteilanos en las Islas y Tierra firme del Mar Oceano (1729, etc.); Anello Olfi-a, Historia del Peril (Lima. w*ithout date) — this history was written in 1631 — Bernabe Cobo. Historia del Nuevo Xlundo, lfio3 (Seville, 1893). Of later works I only refer to Wiener, Pfruu et Bolivia (Paris, 1880) and to the works of Dr. Mid- dendorf. — The Aymard idiom appears first in literature in 1583. Catecismo en la Lengua Espanola y Aymard del Peril, Ordenado por autoridad del Concilia Provincial de Lima (Lima, 1583); Tercer Catecismo y Exposiciim de la Doctrina Crisliuna, por Sermones (Lima, 1586); Bertonio, Arte de la Lengua Aymard (Rome, 1603); Idem, Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymard (Juli, southern Peru, 1612). On the upris- ings of the AjTnard in 1780 to 1782, BALLn-iAN, Archivo boliviano (Paris, 1872); also Odriozola, Documentos histtiricos dtrl Peril (1863), I. A very rare work on the .\ymard language and seldom consulted, is Torres Rubio, Arte de la Lengua Aymard (Lima, 1616).

An. F. B.^XDELIER.

Aymeric of Piacenza, a learned Dominican, b. at Piacenza, Italy; d. at Bologna, 19 August, 1327. Soon after his entrance into the Lombard province of the Dominican Order, he was sent (1262) to pursue his studies at Milan, where he formed a close friend- ship ■nith Niccoli) Boccasini, later pope under the name of Benedict XI (1303-04). After teaching philosophy and theology for twenty-four years he was elected Provincial of Greece. In this capacity he travelled to the Chapter General of Toulouse in May, 1304, where a successor to Bernard de Jusix was to be elected, but just before the first session renounced his office and vote, \\-ith the consent of the pope. That this act of humility was the cause of his election to the master generalship of the order is the unanimous verdict of all its chroniclers. His first care was to regulate studies in those provinces where the opposition of the Fraticelli to intel- lectual pursuits had been most felt. He definitely determined the qualifications for degrees in the order. Oriental languages were no less encouraged by him than natural sciences. In 1309 Clement IV enjoined on Aymeric who was on his way to the chapter of Saragossa in Spain, to examine into the charges brought against the Templars. He found little to complain of. In 1310 he was summoned to the Council of Vienne to take part in the process of the Templars. In the meantime, however, he re- signed his office, and thus avoided the displeasure of Clement IV, whose policy he never heartily endorsed. At the same time, as he candidly avowed, he was saved from acting against the dictates of his con- science. He is the reputed author of a treatise against the heretics of his day, and of works on moral, dogmatic, and scholastic questions, none of which are known to be extant. Montfaucon (Diarium Italieum, xxvii) speaks of a curious present given by Aymeric to the convent of Bologna. It was the Pentateuch in Hebrew and learned Jews of the time declared that the manuscript had been written by Esdras. "Although this smacks of the fabulous", cautiously remarks Montfaucon, "... still it can- not be denied that the codex appears to have been