Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 2.djvu/185

 AUXILIUS

147

AVA

(Cseremon. Epis., I, x^^i; Decret. Bracharen. Sept. 1607). It is proper, however, that he impart the episcopal last blessing. He cannot bless publicly the people as he wends his way through the city. It is forbidden him to make visitation of the cloister of nuns without express permission and command of the local prelate. Canons are bound to kiss the auxiliary's hand when he gives them Holy Com- munion on Holy Thursday, and assist him in con- .secrating Holy Oils, conferring Holy orders, and in all sacred functions strictly episcopal, which he per- forms for his diocesan. If he be a canon, he is sub- ject, as the other cathedral canons, to diocesan law and the penalties attaclied to its violation. If the diocesan and the auxiliary assist simultaneously at Mass, the sub-deacon must not give the latter the pax before the canon-assistants at the throne have received it from the bishop ordinarj'. When the diocesan assists at Mass, or Vespers, the auxiliary must leave his stall and join the other canons in making the prescribed reverences before the Kyrie, Gloria, etc. Should the celebrant be the diocesan, assisted by the chapter in sacred vestments, the auxiliary can wear a cope and a linen mitre (with consent of the local), which latter he must take off and put on by himself. It is expedient that he substitute another in his turn for the Missa Cantata, as he cannot use a faldistorium and pontifical vest- ments without consent of his diocesan.

Andiieucct. Hterarachia Ecclesinstica, I, i, De Episcopo titulan; Benedict XI V, De Sj/n. /^loec. II, 7, Ij 13. 6,5; XIII, 14, 1.5; XIII; 14, 11; XII, 6, 7; Ferrarls, Bibl. prompt, art. VII: Wehnz, Jus Decret. II, 994, no. 807 sqq. (de Vicanw in Pontificalibua); Bouix. De Ep-Ucopo (Paris, 1859), IV, 3. i-iii; ZlTELLl, I, ii, c. ii; Craisson, Manuale Tot. Jur. Can, (1894), I, 568 sqq.; Icard, Praelectiones, etc. (1893), I. 1, § 5; RiGANTi, Commentaria in Regulas, etc., I, in Reg. I, § 5. nn. 79 et seq,; Fagnanos, Commentar. Vj De Priv. C. Episcopalia, no. 34 sq.; Leurenius, De Vicariis Episcopi, qu. 14, 15, 19; Barbosa, Jur. Ecctes. Univ. (ed. 1677), 1. xv. nos. 60. 51. 52, 53; Vecchiotti, Instit. Canon., I, vii, 5 72, 73, 74, 75, 76; Ferrari, Summa Instit. Canon. (1896), I, xvi; Aichner, Compendium Jur. Ecclea. (1S95). 418 sqq.: AorrLAR, Scienlia Jur. Comnendium. 227 De Epis. Auxiliaribua: Ojetti, iSunop. Rer. Moral, etc. (1904). s. v. Coadjutor: Sebastianelli, Prrrl. Jur. Canon. De Personis, Appendix de Epi^. Titularibut; De LucA, PriTlec. Jur. Can.. I. xviii, art. II, De Epis. TU.; Antlecia Ecrksia stirn. Ill, 400; IV, 217; VI. 476; Taunton, Law of the Church (190G) s. v. p_ jj_ j_ J^qCK.

Aimlius of Naples, the name (possibly fictitious, according to Hefele) of an ecclesiastic to whom we owe a series of remarkable writings (P. L., CXXIX, 1054 sqq.) that deal with the controversies concern- ing the succession and fate of Pope Formosus (891- 896), and especially the validity of the orders con- ferred by him. Auxihus was a Frank, who was ordained a priest, or perhaps only a deacon, in Rome by Formosus, and lived later in lower Italy, appar- ently at Naples. On the death of Pope Formosus there began for the papacy a time of the deepest humiliation, such as it has never experienced before or since. After the successor of Formosus, Boni- face VI, had ruled only fifteen days, Stephen VI (properly, VII), one of the adherents of the party of the Duke of Spoleto, was raised to the Papal Chair. In his blind rage, Stephen not only abused the memory of Fonnosus but also treated his body with indignity. Stephen was strangled in prison in the summer of 897, and the six following popes (to May, 904) owed their elevation to the struggles of the political parties. Christophonis, the last of them, was overthrown by Sergius III (May. 904-August, 91 1 ). Sergius had been a partisan of Stephen VI, and like the latter regarded the elevation of Formo- sus to the papacy as illegal and the orders conferred by liim as null and void. Auxihus was a follower of Fonnosus, and in several works composed about 908- 911, he made a courageous and learned defence, both of Fonnosus and of the validity of his orders and those of his adherents. Morinus was the first to publish two of these writings in his " De ecclesiasticis ordi-

nationibus" (Paris, 1665). They are entitled "Li- bellus de ordinationibus a papa Formoso factis", and "Tractatus qui Infensor et Defensor dicitur".

A third work of Auxilius. of similar import, was found by Mabillon and published by him under the ti- tle: "Libellus super causil et negotio Formosipapce", in Ills " Vetera Analecta" (ed.l723, IV, 28-32). In his "Auxilius und Vulgarius", cjuoted below, Diimmler pubhshed from a Bamberg manuscript two further writings of Auxilius, one of which is known as " In defensionera sacr^e ordmationis papa; Formosi libellus prior et posterior", while the other bears in the man- uscript itself the title: " Libellus in defensionem Stephani episcopi et praefatse ordinal ionis". (Stephen, Bishop of Naples, had been consecrated by Pope Formosus.) Still another treatise of an unknown author on behalf of Formosus, pubhshed by Bianchini in his edition of the " Liber Pontificalis" (1735. IV) is considered by Hergenrother (Photius, II, 370, 373, note 9) to be an extract from the writ- ings of Auxilius, wliile Diimmler attributes it (op. cit., 42) to Eugenius Vulgarius. an Italian priest and a defender of Formosus. Two other compositions of Eugenius Vulgarius are known: " De causa Formo sianil", and "Eugenius Vulgarius Petro Diacono fratri et amico". All these writings are very impor- tant, not only as historical sources but also from a theological point of view, because they take the posi- tion that the orders conferred by sinful and excom- municated bisliops are not in themselves invalid. In a necrology of the Abbey of Monte Cassino is noted on 25 January the death of an Auxilius, deacon and monk, author of a commentary on Genesis (Mai, Spicilegiiun Romanum, IX, AppendLx; cf. Mabillon, Ann. Ord. S. Benedicti, III, 325). This Auxilius may possibly be identical with the author of the works described above.

Di-'MMLER, Auxilius und Vulgarius; Quellen und Forschungen zur Gesch. des Papsttums im Anfang des lOtcn Jahrh. (Leipzig. 1866); PoTTHAST, Bibl. hist, medii on-i, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1896), I. 128; HuRTER, Nomencliilor, 3d ed. (Innsbruck, 19031, I. 887 sqq.; Hefele. Conciliengesch., 2d ed. (Freiburg. 1879). IV, 562 sqq.; Hergenbother-Kirsch, Kirchengesch., 4th ed. (Freiburg. 1904). II, 196 sqq; Saltet, Les Reordijiations (Paris, 1907). 156 sqq.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Ava, a German poetess, the first woman known to have WTitten in German and probably identical with a recluse of that name who died in Austria in the vicinity of Melk, A. d. 1127. Almost nothing is known of her life or personality. She herself tells us in a passage in her work that she was the mother of two sons who helped her in procuring the material for her poems. These poems are metrical versions of stories from the New Testament and consist of a "Life of Jesus", "Antichrist", "The Gifts of the Holy Ghost ", "The Last Judgment ", and "John the Baptist". They are preserved in two manuscripts, one at Verona, the other at Gorlitz. The "John the Baptist" is found only in the latter manuscript. Ava's authorship of this poem, as well as that of the "Life of Jesus" has been questioned, but hardly on sufficient grounds. The poems are naive in tone and display deeply religious sentiments, but, ex- cept for occasional passages, they are destitute of poetic merit. Their technique is often crude, asso- nance taking the place of rhyme and alliteration being not infrequent. The chief source from which A\'a drew her material was the New Testament, but she also made use of older CJerman poems, and possibly other WTitings such as the Apocni'plial Gospel of the Infancy of the Saviour by the Pseudo-Matthew.

The poems have been edited bv Diemer in Deutsche Gedichtedesll. und 1 2. J ahrhunderls (Vienna. 1849), 227 sqq., and by Piper in Zeilschrift fiir deulsche Philoloqic, 19, 129sq. For further information see Langguth, Untersuchungen iiber die Gedichle der Ava (Budapest, 1880); Piper, Die geiatliche Dichtung des Mittelallers, part I, in Kurschner's Deutsche National Litteratur.

Arthur F. J. Remy.