Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 17.djvu/780

 VIVISB8 764 VOWS

After studyinff at Mataro he entered the Guatenudan later, a canon of Lisbon, was named an honorary province of the Capuchins on 11 Jul^, 1869» but chamberLun in 1899, prelate of the Holy See in 1902, three years later he was driven into exile during; the and prothonotarv apostolic in 1906, and appointed revolution, and took refuge first with the Jesuits in titular Bishop ot Nlartyropolis 19 iJecember. 1907, CaUfomia and later with the Capuchins at Toulouse, and coadjutor to the bishop of Vizeu, whom ne suc- France. He was sent to Ecuador, but ill-health com- ceeded 2 July, 1911. The diocese comprises 209 pelled him to return in 1876 to Toulouse, where he parishes, 1218 churches, 312 secular priests, 1 semi- was ordained. He was then named guardian of the nary with 10 professors and 48 seminarians, 1 coUege convent in Perpignan, but when the French govern- for boys with 12 teachers and 120 atudents, 1 coll^ ment began its anti-Catholic persecution in 1880, he for girls with 8 teachers and 58 pupils, 1 home for the with the other Spanish Capuchins withdrew to Spain, aged, 1 asylum for bo^oi and girls and 1 asylum for He took an active part in arranging the union of the boys only, with a trsdning school connected with it, Spanish Capuchins with the body of the order from 2 civil and 1 military hospitals, and 1 settlement wnich they had been separated for neariy a century, house. A number of societies are organised among and displayed such ability in the negotiations at the laity and 6 Catholic periodicals are publisheo. Rome that his superiors called him there per- During the World War four priests from this diocese manently in 1887. Subsequently he was i4>pointed served as chaplains and one of these died in Africa. Consultor of the Holy Office and other congregations, •• .^.x rx- t «« «^ examiner of the Roman clergy, and a member of the vo«ttf CHi^Bs-jBAN-MBixOTOR, Marquis de. Commission on Anglican Or^, and general definitor dftm^uwhed Onratal schoto and w of the Capuchins. He took a prominent part in the?* *^*™ <>» 18 October, 1829; d. there on 9 Novem- Plenary Council of Latin-Amenca, held at Rome in ^f 1?1«- ,^* *S, «*T^y H% ¥ entered the French 1899, and was raised to the cardinalate in the same Department of Foreign Affam and was seat to year. When the Roman Curia was reorganized in Russia, where m 1861 he wrote a notable study on 1908, he was named Prefect of the Congregation of 5:^*««^ goldworit. He left the diplomatic service Religious by Pius X, whose confessor and confidential g^e foUowmg yearond traveUed m Greece, Syria, adviser he was. To him are due most of the legislative |al?8tme ^d the Onent, returmng a^m m 1861 to reforms in religious fife introduced during ^ereign Syna. In 1871 he was ambassador at Constantinople of Pius X; and the Modernists attributed to Es and m 1876 at Vienna. Among the honors conferred ilispiration the vigorous unmasking and condemnation <>? ^ ^^^^' the cross of Commander of the L^ion of their heretical theories. Cardinal Vives was ©^?*®®'^ "S^^'^^P j^ ^^ Society of Anti- universally esteemed as a man of exemplary piety, 9,!?^?2?_?' ,^^^x®® rf^J' .?. S?„A- * ™?-__

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enjoys considerable popularity in Spain, and a number ™»™e?» Pa™» 1865-77), a v«ritable monumait of of asoetical works. Oriental science, vols. I and II dealing with architec- ture, and vol. Ill with the Semitic inscriptions of Vivlfln^ DiocBSB OF CVtvabxuu: cf. C. E., Palmyra and Safa; "Le Temple de Jtoualem"; and XV— 493c), in France, suffragan of Avignon. The "Melanges d'arch^ologie onentale.'' But his in- present administrator is the Rt. Rev. Joseph Michel terests were not confined to Oriental antiquities; he Bonnet, b. at Langogne, France, 29 September, 1836, was a prominent cultivator and president of the

Rt. Rev. Paul Ndgre, titular bishop of Cybistra. In was prominent in the Red Cross work in ramoe

1921 the diocese contained 366 parishes, 328 succursal during the War. An outstanding feature in his career

parishes, 37 vicariates actually existing, 1 monastery was his zeal for the Christians in the Orient. In

lor men (Trappists), 2 monasteries for women (Car- 1866 with Augustin Cauchy and Charles Lenonnant

melites and Poor Clares), about 600 secular pnests, be founded L'&uvre des Ecoles d'Orient, of whith he

1 seminary (67 seminarians). 1 preparatoiy seminary became president in 1900; in 1860 he cooperated with

(160 students), several teacning orders of Brothen. Abb4 Qater Cardinal) Lavigerie in succouring the

The educational institutions are: 2 secondary colleges Maromtes when the Christians were bdng mar^rred

for bovs (26 teachers, 300 students), 373purish schools in Syria; while ambassador at Constantinople he was

entirely supported by the Catholics (20|000 pupils), an active protector of the Catholic missions in Turicey

During the war ^0 priests were mobilised. Of these in Asia: and during the European War he inq)ired the

10 were killed, 2 injured, 1 received the medal of the Hol^ See to intercede witii the Sultan to spare the

Legion of Honor, 1 the mSdaUle militaire, 60 the croix Syrians who were being deliberately starved to

de guerre. Of the seminarians, 86 joined the army, death.

19 were kiUed, 3 injured, 1 received the midam nJ^^^H" ,^,i?"*Jf?' *• W? S®^^' 2^**^^v/^i^^*^ WT

rmlitaire and 10 the croix de guerre. The Union Dio- ^pSuvii NcJr )' "^"^ ^ '^' " ^ '^'

oesaine for cooperative bu3ring has been established

among the clei]gy aiid an association caJled the Volunteers of America. See Salvation Abut Jeunesse Catholique is flourishing among the laity.

Six CathoUc periodicals are published in the diocese. V«^ (cf. C. E., XV— 511a).— The only private

In 1921 the diocese contained 264,308 Catholics, ▼ows now reserved to the Holy See are a vow of

mostly French, with a few Spaniards and Italians ana perfect and perpetual chastity, and a vow to enter a

40.000 Protestants. religious institute having solemn vows, provided

these vows have been made unconditionally and after

Vlien. DiocBSB of (Visensib; cf. C. E., XV — the completion of the party's eighteenth year.

496c), in the north central part of Portugal , simragan Formeriy a vow to visit the Hohr Land^ Compostdla,

of Braga. The see is filled by Rt. Rev. Antonio Alvds or Uie Tombs of the Apostles m Rome was likewise

Ferreira, bom in Sardoal in the diocese of Portalegre reserved to the pope. While solemn religious pro>

in 1864; he studied at Portaldgre and Coimbra, was fession still dissolves an unconsummated marriage it

ordained in 1886, served as rector of the seminary of is to be noted that a religious profession is invalid

Santarem, was niade a canon, then vicar general and unless it has been precededby a valid novitiate, ai '