Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 17.djvu/760

 TT7NKEB8 744 TX7BKI8H ElCPIRfi

at the South American College in Rome, was or- called Xeibecks, Avshars, Youruks, etc., who lead

dained in that city in 1885, returned to his native the life of brigands.

city and served as a professor in the seminary, and Geography. — Before the Great European War,

canon and pastor of the cathedral. The popula- the Turkish Empire was made up of (1) Turkey in

tion of the oiocese is composed of 750,000 Catholics Europe; (2) Turkey in Asia (Anatolia, Arabia, Syria,

and 10,000 Pagans. The territory is divided into Palestine, Mesopotamia and Kurdistan); and (B)

153 parishes served by 145 priests, 159 churches and certain islands m the Mediterranean. After the

chapels, 5 religious congregations df men and 6 of conclusion of the first Balkan War (November, 1913),

women. the Turkish possessions in Europe were lessened,

Turkey in Europe in part being divided among the

Tnnkers. See Dunkebs Allied States (Bulgaria, Servia, Montene^ and

^ ., ,r„ « ^ -n Greece), and in part being created into the mdepen-

^,^^.A*?™?*^*^^® ^' (Taumnbnsib; cf . C. E., jent state of Alb^. Qrprus and Egypt formerly

?X"^^'. ^ ^^ 2^?V^^ S^ ^edmont, nor^em ^n^er the suaerainty of the Sultan, belong now to

Italy; Thw see is fflled by His Eminence Ago^mo the British, Cyprus being annexed to the British

Cardinal Richdmy bom m the city of Turm m 1860. Empire at the outbreak of the war in 1914, and

He was ordamed in 1872 and became a professor m ^ Egypt declared a Protectorate in January, 1915. The

senimary. and in 1886, on 7 June, was appointed Empire was reduced still further by the Treaty of

Bishop of Isrea, from which see he WM prom g^^^s (signed on 10 August, 1920). In Europe,

the archdiocese 17 September, .1897. Two ywra Turkey retains, mainly as a concession to Moham-

later he was created a.cardmal pn^t, 19. June, 1899. ^aedan feeling, the city of Constantinople with a

His auxd^rv is Rt.R^y. Giovanni Pinardj, a Salesian, f^^ j^^ y^^^ i|. ^ ^^ Chataldja lines, but

??P?*'^^ *^^f; ?^^^ ?^. °f ^ ^* JMiuary, ^he whole of Eastern Thrace with GaUipoK is trans- 1916. The Cathohc popijdation of the ^^ f erred to Greece. In Asia, Turkey sunended aU her numbers 680,600. It is divided mta 276 parishes, ^rab provinces, from the Taurus Mountams north ^^A^^l^ ¥^^ ^^ ^u^ ^^^^' ^^ semmanans ^f Aleppo to the Persian frontier north of Moesul, i. e., and 986 churches and chapels. gyri^ and Paleetine and Mesopotamia, besides the ... — M fre_ / * r, Ti vrr nf \ -. vast peninsula of Arabia proper. The Treaty also Turkish Empire, The; (cf . C. E^^— 97a), now provides for the creation of an independent Armenian occupies a temtory of about 174,000 square miles. ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^1^^ ^1^1 vii^yets of Trebiaond, Although the statistical documents are very mwm- Erzerum, Bitlis, and Van, and of an autonomous P^SiSx' ^ total populatiwi of the empire is about Kurdish State to the south of Armenia with eventual 8,000,000. In ^e smaU European temtoiy now re- ^ghts to complete independence. Smyrna, the chief maimng under Turkish rule ModeDM predo^nate. g^aport in Asm Minor, goes to Greece with consider- In CpnstanUnople, there are 308^733 Turks, 235.216 ^ble hinterland extending over 100 miles along the Greeks, and 297,160 others, (Gr^k ^tnarohate ^j^^. The rest of AsS^Minor belongs to

z~- -,. /^ x • xu'_x • * - the east by Persia and Armenia: on the north by the

fourteen to one; m Costamouni, thirty-nine to one. gi^^ Sea, and includes Anatolia, Kurdistan, Olicia

On the othCT hand, m some distncts, as Isimd, they (^jy^h the French evacuated), aid part of tte Cha-

form only forty-seven per cent of the population, taldja Peninsula, where Constantinople is situated.

'^4'*'^4fi?^SiIi?i ISt f^« ;>onni:tinn i.™ thp AGRicuLTtTiiB AND CoioiKRCB.-Land in Turkey is

The. other dement k^L^^^^^.^J? th^^nd^ *>«ld ^der three different forms of tenure-nam^,

ArmemaM (Haduuis) J«l^^^ ^^ ^ ..^^., ^^ Crownlands; 2nd, as "Vakuf,'^

P^^J" ^^- V"^ i^ n.o^Jf/niT TTn^^^rkT W foundations; and 3rd, as "Miilk," or fre^old

m the distnct of the Caucasus. Under IXirkish rule il^^^^ rp. /«w:^» ' k«ij j,' * f^^ ♦Ux.

Government, they have suffered massacre time and ?^ /""^'^^p*^. w^*- y" P"« paymeni. oi ceiwa ib«,

^jovernmen^ uuey imvc 2r"Jr<.^t^^ :„ but always enjoys seigmory nghts over the hind m

?§??• ,^f'^TI^ii\^n nf f h^ A^n/;.nH h^ hJS Question. The -VakuFcomprwes property dedicated

ft L^^tSK^^^^ 1,000,000 to 1,200,'000 'wer^ ni^,;f7f?if!,,"?,f^^^^ ^f^a^l^.^^flSlSi^^SH

dew)rted and half of these frisked. The Circassians, P«>duct, the system of levying it is burdaisome and

or^heS^es/hSui tErVn^ home in the westen^ oppressive the general practice bemg to/ann it out

cLuc^^^ exited into the Turkish ^:5i^^A^^f!^P.^__Af^^^i"SP ^ ^"^^ pmniUve; the

are widely dispersed throughout Asia Minor. The f "n "' *^ ApTs f<^m^^^^^

Jews are mostlydescendante of Jews who came from '^oUowsm the U.S. Commerce Report, of 15 June,1921.

Spain towards the end of the fifteenth century. They Imports. Exports

have been less persecuted in Turkey th^m any other England ^ 2,669,326,438 683,843,156

country in Europe except England. The Dunmehs France 784,841,318 7,171,157

(converts) are certam Jews who profess Islam, but Germany 115,030,795 25,408,933

secretly practise the ntes of Judaism. Most of the Austria. . . . 59,828 239 622,086,397

European peoples are represented. A certain number Egypt 513,116,015 56,706,66*

of these, the issue of famihes long settled m the East, United Statea. 808,506.281 498.848,735

have lost their nationahty and are known as Levan- tines. The Lazes are a small tribe foimd in the region Recent History. — The nation as it exists today,

of Trebizond. In the mountain region back of diminished in area and prestige, is the outcome of

Smyrna there are some small tribes of Moslems, several recent wars beginning with the Tripolitan

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