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 PBOTESTANTISM 617 P&OVIDENOB

a quasi-contract was entered into distributing ex- Protestantism, which is now admittedly in a elusive territory to the various sects. The reports struggling condition. In Protestant Germany, and discussions with very few exceptions were a Protestantism, already before the war attacked by rehashing of the old, often vile, and manv times the canker of rationalism, has also received a de- refuted calumnies hurled at the Church since cided setback through the separation of church and Luther's revolt; they may be summed up in the state, although it is still (10^) impossible to gauge statement of one of the delegates (vol. I, p. 350), definitely the results of this clause of the constitu- "The Roman Church deserves warfare." The con- tion. In Czechoslovakia Protestantism has made gress was attended by delegates from the following some gains recently through a schism resultant churches : Adventist, Baptist, Christian, Congrega- upon the formation of the new Government. How- tional. Disciples, Friends, Lutheran, Methodist, ever, the gains were greatly exaggerated and Moravian, Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal, Re- Czechoslovakia must be numbered among the pre- formed Church in America, and United Brethren; dominantly Catholic countries, containing in 1921 by delegates from various interdenominational about 11,675,000 Catholics and 900,000 Protestants societies and by some delegates from Canada and (constituents).

Great Britain (not Anglicans). Continuation con- The United States numbers among its inhabi- ferences were arranged for various Latin American tants 28,111,553 Protestant communicants (accord- cities; but since then no striking results have been ing to a secretary of the Federal Council of reported. Churches, 1922), divided among about 200 sects. III. Statistics. — In compiling statistics on the The Catholics number about 20,(X)0,000. As indi- number of Protestants in various countries and in cated above, however, it would be a mistake to the world, much confusion has resulted from a fail- class this country immediately (as some do), on ure to define terms and to follow the definitions the strength of these figures, as non-Christian, for consistently. Protestants themselves usually list many of the other 60,000,000 inhabitants are nght- only "communicants" when enumerating the mem- fully included in the Protestant constituency, this bers of their churches. This term has, naturally, totaUng probably about 40,000,(K)0 (Year Book of different meanings in different sects, but in general the Churches, 1920, p. 196) although Dr. Watson, it signifies those who are in full union with their the Washington secretaiy of the Federal Council, church, who are fully affiliated and enrolled, and claims nearly 75,000,000 in 1922. This latter figure who are entitled to full participation in the vari- is evidently too high. The number of sects increased ous exercises of worship. Keeping this definition from 186 in 1906 to 200 in 1916 (about 193 in 1922), in mind, statistics show that there are considerably the net gain of fourteen in the decade being due to a less than 100,000,000 Protestant communicants in loss of seventeen and an addition of thirty-one de- the world today (1922); the true figure is possibly nominations. (For further information on points very close to 90,000,000. However, these Protestant touched on in this article see especially articles on communicants represent a much larger Protestant various sects and various countries.)

"constituency," among whom should be included, ^Pmani, Lea mianona protaalanUa a la fin du XIX aQcla

besides the communicants. aU those of Protestant ^S^S'-^^^'^^^l^'^^klS^'^f^i^Jl^

connection: children (not considered as members R^iffiona (New York. 1914); Congraaa On ChAatian Work in

by most sects), who are brought up under Protes- L(Utn Ameriea, RmrU. etc. (New York. 1917); ATTyRiDOB.

tant influence and who in many <«ses will later on l^iSSS^^'^TrSS^ldSf^Ttili^m't'^J.

join the church ; occasional church-^oers; and II, Facts versus Fiction, ibid.. 699; Burton, Tendenciea in

finally that vast army of quasi-unbehevers who NoHt^ Baj^ Chwrchaa >g^^'5r»«» •f<«''^?,«/^Jf««^v.

»Uk^;.«.U «^* »a;i;«4«,i «t:4-k «-»« »k„^^k ««•. i:iro1v XXIV (1920), 321; Rall, M«lhod\am Today, ibid., 481; Co»,

although not affiliated with any church, nor likely The RtligiouaBraakdaum of tha Miniatry in Journal of Religion]

to be, are by their traming, education, and prejU- I a921) 18; Gill and Pinchot. Six Thouaand Country Chwehaa

dices thoroughly Protestant or at least anti- irr' ^""^^^^^^^ l^^^i^'^fi^'^^ £1^"^^)^ '^^^ ""/ ^^

Roman. It iTeLy to understand that in tWs last ISl^SSI .^I^IJ^L? ii 1^^^

category are necessarily included many mdlfterent- The Preaent SUtuUion of Chriatianity \ProteatafUiam] in Oermany,

iste anj rationalwts, w&o caa only in a very broad ».iT'l^"J^..£S*1S, f ^y 5S2. orit^.'T'S'i^^^

of comparison it may be stated here that there ^l.). in Acta Apooolica Sedia, xll (1920), 595; Fishrb, The

are in the world about 350,000,000 Catholics, united Holy Qfflee and the Y. M. C. A. in America, XXIV (1921), 450;

under the Pope of Rome. Discounting those who ^:^,^ rN!?w"vil^\i^^*'^''' ^®^®^*' ^~'" ^'^'^ ""^ '*' have ceased to be practical Cathohcs the member- q^^^^^ Shaughnesst.

ship IS close to 325,000,000. These estimates are

arrived at from a study of the religious statistics ProYidence, Diocesb of (Providentiensis, cf.

of all countries of the world as presented by the C. E., XII — 509c), is co-extensive with the State of

Statesman's Year Book for 1921. Rhode Island. In March, 1915, at the request of

The actual distribution of the Protestants of the Bishop Harkins, the Rt. Rev. Mgr. lliomas F.

world has not changed much in recent decades; in Doran, vicar general of the diocese, was appointed

all Latin America there are about 100,000 com- aiudliiuy bishop. On 27 April, 1915, he was conse-

municants (about 300,000 constituents) ; in Catho- secrated titular Bishop of Halicamassus. He died 3

lie Europe (France, Italy, Luxemburg, Ireland, Jan., 1916, after a short illness. On 4 July, 1917,

Austria, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Czechoslo- Rev. Denis M. Lowney, one of the vicars general of

vakia) there are about 1,000,000 Protestant com- the diocese, was appointed auxilianr bishop, and con-

municants (about 4,000,000 constituents), of whom secrated 23 October following. He died 13 Aug.,

about one-half are in Poland, the number in most 1918, after having served less than a year, and was

of these countries being entirely negligible. In succeeded by the present administrator, the Rt. Ilev.

France, which excepting Czechoslovakia, is the William A. Hickey. who waa appointed coadjutor

only other Catholic country possessing an appreci- bishop with the right of succession, 16 Jan., 1919.

able Protestant population (about 1,000,000 con- Bom at Worcester, Mass., 13 May. 1869, ordained

stituents), the effect of the Separation Law of 1905 at Boston, 22 Dec., 1893, he succeeded Bishop Har-

and of the war has been almost disastrous to kins on the death of the latter, 25 May, 1921.