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994.000 are Catholics. In the province of Abra, longer in certain places by virtue of an Apostolic

with a Christian population of 61,000. nearly half indult; the term sisters (8arore8)j is applied to reli-

bel^e to the Agilpayan schism, and there are also gious with simple vows. The election of the mother

10,000 Tinguians, but among these there seems to be superior of a monastery of nuns properly so-called

a great movement toward the Catholic Church. A (numialea) if the monastery is subject to the junsdic-

number of different tribes live in the mountain prov- tion of the bishop, is to be presided over by the local

inces, numbering in all about 215,000 and these are ordinary or his delegate, without, however, any

even today dangerous savages, but the Belgian violation of the law of enclosure. The votes are to

Fathers and Fathers of the Divine Word are daily be counted by two assistant priests, who must not be

extending their influence farther into these countries, ordinar^r confessors of the monastery. If the nuns

Since 1909, the Fathers of the Divine Word have are subject to a regular superior he is to preside;

increased the number of Catholics from less than however, even in this case the ordinaiy should be

10,000 to over 35,000 by reconciling schismatics and notified beforehand bf the day and hour of the election

partly through conversions. so that he can if he pleases be present with the r^[ular

By present (1921) statistics the diocese counts 87 superior or send a representative, in which case he or

parishes, besides the two great mission districts of his representative presides.

Abra and the mountain provinces, 99 secular and 13 In case of the election of a mother general of a

regular priests. A parish often numbers as manv as congregation the local ordinary of the place where the

20j000 or 30,000 souls and generally consists of the election is being held is to preside personally or by

chief town of a Municipality and the surrounding deputy. Under the Code a mother general or the

villages, the distance from the central church to these supenoress of a monastery of nuns must be at least

villages often being as much as 20 kilometers. fort3r years old and ten years professed and be of

The number of children attending Catholic schools legitimate birth; in the case of other higher superior- is woefully small, in part due to the moral pressure esses — mother-general, mother-provincial and their put upon parents to contribute to the erection and vicars — the minimum age is thirty, but ten years support of public schools and to send their children profession is also requisite; if the constitutions of an to them. These people, mostly very poor, having order or congregation provide for more stringent contributed, wish to^ reap some benent from the qualifications they are unaffected by the Code, schools and besides this, experience has shown that a Nothing having been said in the Code about minor pupil from a public school nolds a better chance for superioresses their qualifications are settled by the public employment than one from a Catholic school, constitutions. An important change has been made Another reason lies in the fact that high schools exist regarding the tenure of office: mmor superioresses only in the provincial capitals and to these come all may now hold office only for tnree years; they may the yoimg people in search of higher education, and be re-appointed or re-elected for a second period but the Government and the Protestant denominations not for a third successive term in the same house, are able to provide them with excellent living quarters The higher superioresses are to hold office tempo- at a very nominal rate, while the Catholic schools are rarily unless the constitutions provide otherwise, but not so able to do this. To offset these difficulties the general law does not fix a definite limit to their classes in catechism are held each Sunday in every term of office. A superioress is bound to promote parish church and village of importance^ and in manv among her subjects the knowledge and the execution places the priests gather the children in the church of the decrees of the Holy See affecting religious, after school. In some few public schools, the priests Local superioresses must cause to be read publicly, are allowed to teach religion twice a week and religious at least once a year, at a stated time , the constitutions societies have been established, especially among the of the institute, together with the decrees which the students of the high schools. Holy See has ordered to be read in public; they must

However, the number of Catholic schools is steadily also see that, a suitable instruction in Christian doc- increasing; good colleges closed during the Revolution trine for lay sisters and domestics, as well as a pious and now re-opened, are conductea at Vigan and exhortation for the. whole commimity, are given at Dagupan and academies for girls at Vi^ui and Lin- least twice a month.

gayen. In 1912 there was onlv one other academy The mother general of any pontifically approved

and one parish school in the whole diocese, while at institute or order must send the Holy See eveij five

the present time the Belgian Sisters have a well- years or oftener, if the constitutions so provide, a

attended academy at Bamio and two central high report on the condition of her institute or order si^ed

schools in the Mountain Provinces; the Sisters Ser- byher8elf,hercouncilandby the ordinaiy of the place

vants, of the Holy Ghost have a parochial school- wnere she and her coimcu reside. She and each

academy at Tajrum; the academy at Tagudin which provincial and local superioress (at least of every

in 1912 had 305 pupils now has 670 with 7 branch house with six or more members, technically domus

schools having 874 pupils. Besides these there are formata), must have her council, consisting of two

23 schools under the direction of the Belgian Fathers religious^ "whose advice or consent must be obtained

with 2553 pupils^ 33 schools under the Fathers of the when it is required by the constitutions or the sacred

Divine Word, with 2260 pupils. The total number canons. See dso Novice; 0£coNOMns; Postulant;

of children under Catholic instruction is 11,203, Profession; RELioiorrs: Confessors of Nuns.

taught by 26 Fathers and scholastics, 15 Brothers, 50 ^ Kinanb. ATun* and Siaterain IrUhEcd. Record, XII (1918),

Sisters and a corps of Filipino teachers. There are 291 w.; Codex jurt, canonun. can. 492-617.

also two trade scnools and besides these all kinds of Nuremberg, one of ^e principal cities of the

lace-making and fine needlework are taught by the Archdiocese ojf Bamberg, Bavaria. It is divided into

Belgian Sisters and Sisters of St. Paul, their pupils 5 parishes, 14 churches, including 6 mission churches,

havm^ carried off the highest awards at the San 2 monasteries for men, 2 convents for women with

Francisco Exhibition in 1014. 53 nursing sisters and 69 English Ladies, 44 secular

clergy, 13 regular cler^ and 8 lay brothers. Two

Kons (cf. C. E., XI — 164a). — ^In canon law homes and 4 nurseries have been established in the

the term nuns (moniaiw) signifies religious with solenm city and 1 Catholic periodical is published there, vows or, unless the contrary is evident from the

nature of things or from the context, religious belong- Nnsco, Diocese op (Nuscanensis; cf . C. E., XI—

ing to institutes in which the vows according to the 171b), in the provmce of Avellino, Southern Italy,

constitutions should be solemn but in fact are so no is suffragan of Salerno. Rt. Rev. Pasquale Mores, b.