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 MA88A 492 MASSACHUSETTS

to consecrate the bread without the wine» or vice- Economic Ck>NDiTiON8. — ^According to the State versa, or to consecrate them when not celebrating statistics of manufactures for 1918, in rank of in- Mass. All customs to the contrary being repro- dustries by gross value of product, cotton goods bated, priests in saying Mass must observe the came first, with $537,031,796; boots and shoes rubrics of the liturgical books, and beware of adding second, with $479,400,878; woolen goods third, with any ceremonies or prayers of their own accord; $464,067,705. According to the Federal census of they must, moreover, use the liturgical language manufactures for 1919 Massachusetts had 11,904 prescribed for their Rite. manufacturing establishments with a product valued

,* ^, ^ xx_ ,m, r ^ at $4,007,452,000. The total capital devoted to

massa di Carrara, Diocese op (Massensis; cf. C. production in the State was $2,964,177,000, and the

E., X-24C), in Central Italy, is suffragan of Modena. average number of wage earners 716,600.

It is under the administration of the Rt Rev. Massachusetts laws prohibit more than forty^ight

Giusseppe Bertazzoni (b. at San Rocco, 18^), ^o j^^^^, ^^^ employment for women and children,

was consecrated 12 September, 1917, succeeding Rt. ^^ jj^^^ ^j^^ ^ Y^ j^^or to nine hours. No woman Rev. Bishop Marenco. The diocese compnses a Catholic population ( "

parishes, 280 churches, ^^^ for women, 230 secular priests and 15 regular, 6 tri^ wm created' t^'tekr'over "the enfon^ment of lay brothers, 100 religious women, 3 seminaries with ^y ^^le labor laws in the State. In the same year 56 seminarians, 1 college for men with 40 studente, Massachusetts was a pioneer in establishing a com- 4 colleges for women with 14 instructors and 150 mission to provide for the determination of mini- students The vanous chantable institutions m- ^^^^^ ^^ges for women and children. Refusal to ^'"r®o\.^^°^ • orphanage, 15 ajylums for children ^he minimum wage incurs only the penalty of ^i!^\? homes, in addition to schopls and oraton^. publicity; this is abrogated when the prosperity of A Mutual Aid Society is established among the ^y^^ establishment is threatened, clerjnr and a Cathohc Young Men's Society among j^^,^^ Legiblative CHANGB8.-The new constitu- laiiy. ^-Qjj submitted by the Constitutional Convention

Massa BCaritima, Diocese op (Massanbnsis; (1917-19) and constituting a re-arranaement of the

cf. C. E., X— 30a), in the province of Grosseto, previous instrument, was ratified on 4 November. It

Central Italy, with the united title of Populonia, provided for direct legislation by the people by

suffragan of Siena. The see is filled by Rt. Rev. means of the initiative and referendum, gave the

Giovanni Battista Boracchia, bom in Santa Croce di Legislature far-reaching powers to engage m trad-

Beverino, Italy, 1849, appointed 11 July. 1892. This ing, and to promote the general welfare by utiliiing

diocese counts 80,000 Catholics, 29 parishes, 60 secu- the natural resources of the State. It established

lar and 7 regidar clergy, 10 seminarians, 6 Brothers, a modern budget system and formulated the "anti-

54 Sisters and 64 churches or chapels. aid" amendment, refusing State money to all

schools under pnvate control. It authorised the

lAassachiisetta (cf. C. E., X-24d). — ^The total Legislature to provide for compulsory voting at

land area of the State of Massachusetts is 8039 elections. Most far-reaching was its reform of the

square miles. State administration. The administrative and

Population. — ^In 1920 the population was 3,852, executive branches were reorganized into not more 356; less than 6 per' cent lived in communities than twenty departments, in one of which every having a population of 2500 or less. In 1920 the executive and administrative office, board, and corn- ratio of decrease in the foreign4>or]i of the popula- mission, except those serving directly under the tion was Z2 per cent; the number of native-bom sovemor and council, must find place. The Public in the total population being 2,725,990, and that Utilities Department was created in 1919 to take of the foreign-bom 1,045,106. Ireland has furnished over the duties of two of the old boards. Massa- 17.0 per cent of the total of foreign-bom. Canada chusetts was the eleventh State to ratify the Pro- (exclusive of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and hibition Amendment, 2 April, 1918, and the eighth Prince Edward Island) is second, with a population to ratify the Federal Suffrage Amendment, 25 June, of 142 per cent of the total foreign-born popula- 1919. The Board of Charity is now the Depart- tion. In 1920 Russia supplied the largest increase ment of Public Welfare, and its secretaiy has the in foreign bom, having risen from one-half of one title of Commissioner. The annual election of the per cent in 1885 to 8.5 per cent. Italy's contribu- govemor, to which Massachusetts clung so long, is tion in the same period rose from .76 per cent to replaced by the biennal election, although the Legis- 10.9 per cent. In the cities of Fall River, Lawrence, lature meets every year. In 1920 Govemor Calvin and New Bedford it runs over 70 per cent of the Coolidge, of Northampton, was elected Vice-Presi- entire population. In Boston the population of dent of the United States.

foreign parentage forms 63 per cent, while at Education.— The amendment of 1865 was modi-

Holyoke it has risen to 66 per cent; at Worcester fied in 1918, to prohibit the appropriation of public

to 67 per cent; at Lowell it is 66 per cent; the money not only to sectarian institutions, but als<»

Greeks, who formed 1.1 per cent of the foreign-bom to any institution not under public control. Th«i

population in 1910, now form 1.9 per cent of the State laws governing private and parochial schools

foreign-bom population. In the city of Boston are as follows: To satisfy compulsory education

Irish parentage gives a total of 57,011 out of a laws children must attend public day schools or

census of 238,919 persons of foreign parentage, and some other day school approved by the (town nr

this nationality predominates in every ward except city) school committee; school committees shall

five, where either the Russians or the Italians have approve private schools only when the instmction

the majority. ,-,.., in all the studies required by law is in the English

The present order of religious denominations in language; studies taught in private schools must

this State is: Catholics, 713 per cent, or 1,140,208; be those required for public schools, and instruction

Congregationalists, 6.8 per cent or 133,509; Bap- must equal in thoroughness and efliciency that mven

tists, 4.4 per cent, or 86,551; Methodists, 3^ per in public schools; private and parochial schools

cent, or 75,965; Episcopalians, 3.8 per cent, or report annually to the State Board of Education

75,217. such statistics as it shall prescribe relative to the