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 VALINES 482 MALINE8

countries, receiving the croix de guerre from France superieure) for young ladies at Brussels has 17

and Italy, the croix civile and grand cordon of professors and 89 pupils; a similar school at Ant-

the Order of Leopold from Belgium, prizes and werp in the Flemish language has 23 professors

honors from French and Spanish Academies of and 160 pupils. The diplomas have no legal value,

Political and Moral Sciences, degrees from numer- but as a guarantee of their scientific value they are

ous universities and many other rewards. From countersigned by the rector of the University of

September to November, 1919, Cardinal Mercier re- Louvain.

ceived a continuous tribute when he traveled in Secondary Education,— Twenty-^ve colleges or

the United States. The Cardinal has published institutes with intermediate instruction of higher

many important works on Scholastic philosophy degree and under direct authority of the arch-

and besides his letters of war times, which included birfiop, have about 430 instructors and 10,000 stu-

the famous pastoral, "Patriotism and Endurance," dents, 7 establishments of the same degree in charge

has written works on spiritual life. In 1919 was of religious (5 Jesuit, 1 Josephite, 1 Crosier Father)

published "La Vie inteneure, appel aux ames with about 4000 students, 1 establishment of Greco-

sacerdotales," which will be followed by other simi- Latin studies in charge of Ursuline nuns at Wavre-

lar works. In 1920 a provincial council was held at Notre-Dame and a very great number of similar

Mahnes. institutions in charge of religious with about 19j000

There are two auxiliaries to the archbishop, Rt. students. Many schools with intermediate instruc- Rev. Louis-Joseph Legraive, b. at Chain, 18 Decem- tion of a lower degree are run by the Brothers ber, 1858, consecrated titular bishop of Parnassus (of Mercy, Christian Schools, St. Gabriel, etc.), 17 November, 1907, and made superior of the Upper The diplomas given by schools of higher degree Seminary at Malines in 1909, and Rt. Rev. Antoine have the same value as those of Government Alphonse de Wachter, b. at Puers 10 April, 1855, schools. The Government intermediate schools of and consecrated titular bishop of Dionysias 25 July, * higher and lower degree have religion as part of 1909. Mgr. Legraive was brought before the council the program and the course is given by a secular of war at Antwerp, 16 March, 1917, for having priest appointed by the bishop. The same arrange- given hospitality to a Frenchman unfit for service ment exists in the official normal schools and two who wished to return to his own country: he was communal colleges. Thirty-eight priests are as- condemned to nine month's detention and sent to signed to this instruction. The regimental and Germany. In the beginning of April, upon the in- cadet schools as well as Vecole mUitaire, have chap- tervention of the Pope, he recovered his liberty. lains and their course in religion. The church

The statistics for 1912 are the latest available, schools of this degree do not receive any govem-

They give 2,527,850 inhabitants in 52 deaneries ment subsidy except two colleges at Gheel ana

with 768 parishes, secular priests 2410, regular Herenthals and four institutes at Antwerp which are

priests 1137, scholastics 596, lay brothers 319, Broth- supported by the commune.

ers 1308, novices 560, total religious men 3920, Normal Schools.— There are two schools of

religious women, including novices, 13,331. regents for the training of professors of intermediate

The communities for men include 3 abbeys and schools of lower degree under the authority of the

1 house for Benedictines, 2 Cistercian abbeys, 5 archbishop, also 7 schools of regents in charge of

Norbertine abbeys and 1 priory, 11 colleges and the nuns. Then there are 3 primary normal schools

houses of Jesuits, 16 convents of orders destined for instructors in primary schools and 2 others of

for foreign missions, 22 monasteries for other or- same sort for girls under direct charge of the

ders, 65 convents for religious priests, total 126; 70 archbishop, with 11 normal schools for girls under

convents of Brothers, 985 convents of women; gen- the nuns, 1 school for regents and 2 primary normal

cral total of convents 1181. Many of these convents schools under the Brothers. These normal schools

have only a few Brothers or Sisters who teach in receive large subsidies and abo burses in favor

the schools or Sisters who look after sick or aged of pupils. The diplomas from these schools have

in hospitals and refuges of rural communities. the same value as those of the governmental nor-

Education, Seminaries. — ^There is a seminary mal schools,

at Malines with an upper division for theology with Primary Schools. — ^There exists nearly every-

250 students and a lower division for philosophy where in the diocese a primary school of the Sis-

with 151 students. Also a seminary for vocations ters. Often in the Flemish section of the diocese

that come late in life with 27 students. There is the Sisters have charge of the communal schools

a preparatory seminary at Hoogstraeten and 2 and usually these Sisters' schools are the only ones

others, these schools teaching almost exactly the for girls in the commune. The school for boys

same courses in classical study as the colleges. The is directed by instructors in whom the religious

Seminary of Leo X^II attached to Institute of authority has confidence. In the •cities, except

Philosophy at Louvain is interdiocesan, and there is Antwerp, Brussels and their suburbs, religious in-

also an American seminary at Louvain under direc- struction is given in all the schools as a branch

tion of American bishops with all foreign students, of the program from which parents can exempt

Higher Education, — The University of Louvain, their children. In localities where the relijDous founded in 1834 by the Belgian episcopate with interest of population demands it the clergy have 140 professors (secular priests, 1 regular and lay- erected free schools directed by the Sisters. Broth- men), 3248 students, of whom 141 are foreigners ers or lay persons. The total of these schools is (1921); the faculty of philosophy and letters at 650 with about 150,000 pupils. There are 204 pro- the Inst i tut St. Louis at Brussels has 5 professors fessional and industrial free schools, 102 for bo>'s and 103 students (December, 1921), while the with 14,000 pupils and 102 for girls with 6700 pupils, scientific section of the same school has 9 profes- The Government pays the entire salary of the sors and 68 students; the Institut SupSrieur de lay instructors who have diplomas, assigned to Commerce under the Jesuit fathers with 23 in- free primary schools which accept the program and structors and 177 students. These schools confer instruction of the State, which is practically in degrees in the same title as similar State institu- every case, and also that of the religious on a tions, the university being fully independent, the reduced basis. Besides the government pas^s eight- other schools having a board of examiners ap- tenths of the salary of the teachers personnel and pointed by the Government. A school (dcole the same percentage of several other parts of the