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ciaed only by clerics. The interdict would not products was $5,313,394. The value of the output be incurred unless the reason why the party should of manufactures for the last statistical year, 1919, have been excluded was that he had been cen- was $746,774,000. The total mileage of railways in sured by sentence, formerly the motive for ezclu- the State in 1918 was 9337.7, and the total mileage sion was excommunication by name. (3) A of electric interurban railways was 887.1. According personal interdict falls on those who have furnished to the Federal Census of 1920, the population of cause for a local interdict or for an interdict Iowa was 2,403,630; that of Des Moines, the largest affecting a community or college. This interdict city, 126,468. The next largest cities in order are not being reserved, the party affected can be ab- Sioux City, Davenport, and Dubuque. The Federal solved sacramentall^ by anv confessor. (4) An Census of 1916 gives the membership of the various interdict from entenng the church, reserved to the churches as follows: Methodist Episcopal, 325,959; ordinary, is incurred by anyone who willingly gives Catholic, 206,701; Lutheran, 107,523; Presbyterian, ecclesiastical burial to infidels, apostates from the 47,159.

Faith, heretics, schismatics, or other persons who are Education is compulsory for children between excommunicated or interdicted, in violation of the the ages of seven and sixteen years inclusive. In ecclesiastical regulations governing Christian burial. 1917 the number of school houses was 13,227, the Naturally, as the pastor or rector of the church number of teachers, 27,227; the enrollment of pupils, is the only person who authorises the ceremonies 532,060, and the total appropriation for educational of Christian burial, it is he alone, and not those puiposes for the year $32,395,988. There are 905 who reouest him, that incurs this censure, which is high schools in the State. In 1919 the State Univer- rcserved to the ordinary. sity had 260 professors and instructors, and 2889

In addition to these four cases in which interdict students enrolled. There are in the State 226 is explicitly mentioned we may note that Catholics private denominational and higher educational in- who dare to contract mixed marriage^ even if the stitutions. The State laws relative to private and marriage is valid, without a dispensation from the parochial schools are as follows: the medium of Church are ipso facto excluded from the sacraments mstruction in all secular subjects taught in all the until a dispensation has been granted by the ordi- schools, public and private, shall be the English nary. Moreover, a personal interdict is to be im- langiiage, and the use of any language other than posed on those who mutilate corpses or violate Enslish in secular subjects in said schools is hereby graves for an evil purpose, and also on those who prohibited, provided, however, that nothing herein while still bound by the marriage bond have at- shall prohibit the teaching and studying of foreign tempted to contract another marriage, even a civil languages as such; private schools must furnish marriage, and who continue this unlawful union attendance reports; the common branches of ele- after being warned by the ordinary. mentary education must be taught in private

Formerly, the Council of Trent in order to schools. Instruction in citizen^p must sdso be force bishops to reside in their dioceses imposed given; private high schools may be designated to on metropolitans the duty of denouncing those who conduct normal training courses, failed to do so to the Holy See, if they had absented Catholic Education^— In the year 1920 there were themselves for more than a year. If the metro- in the State 33^45 pupils attending parochial politan did not do so, he incurred an interdict schools, and 6929 students in academies and high against entering his church. Chapters, also, were schools. Dubuque College, diocesan, formerly St. forbidden under penalty of interdict to grant dimieh Joseph's, has 165 students and St. Ambrose College, sorial letters during a vacancy — except in the case also diocesan, has 302 students, of those who had to be ordained on account of a Recent History. — ^During the European War. benefice; and, later, an interdict against entering Iowa contributed 98,000 soldiers, 10,000 sailors, ana church waQ imposed on bishops who illegally took 600 marines, all of whom accredited themselves over the administration of their dioceses. These honorably. Headquarters First Iowa Brigade was penalties, however, are no longer in force. reorganized into the 67th Brieade Headquarters,

Atbinbac, PeruU LegUlatum, 124-144. 34th Division, entrained at Camp Cody, New

Mexico, and arrived in France, where they were

Iowa (cf. C. E., Vni-93c).— The State of Iowa skeletonized at Le Mans, along with the First Iowa has an area of 56,147 sq. miles or 35,934,080 acres. Infantry (133rd Infantry) and the Second Iowa During the ten years from 1908 to 1918 the average Infantry. The Third Iowa Infantry (168th U. extremes of temperature were 106* above and 34* S. Infantry) 42d or Rainbow Division, arrived below zero. During the same period the average at Rimaucourt, France, on 12 December, 1917, en- rainfall was 27 inches. For the year 1918 the mean tered the line in February, and participated in the temperature was 49.2*; the highest temperature was battles of Badonviller, Lorraine, Champagne, 113 (4 August), in Clarinda, Knoxville, and Chateau Thierry, Sergy, St. Mihiel, and Argonne. Shenandoah in the southern part of the State; the The rest of the Iowa men, organized into the 34th lowest temperature was 40** below zero (20 Decem- Division entrained at Camp Cody, arrived in France ber) in Washta, Cherokee County, in the northern in 1918 and saw little service. The summary of part of the state. The average amount of rain casualties of the Iowa members of the American and melted snow for the year was 32.78 inches. Expeditionary Force was as follows: deceased, 42

Industrial and General Social Conditions. — officers and 2199 men; prisoners, 8 officers and 86 The value of the agricultural products of the State men; wounded, 106 officers and 4950 men. in 1919, according to the United States Department For details of the Church in Iowa see Dubuqixb» of Agriculture, was $861,338,000. This includes Archdiocese of; Sioux Cm, Diocese of; Daven- 416,000,000 bushels of Indian com, valued at $499,- port. Diocese of; Des Moines, Diocese op. 200,000, and 196,182,000 bushels of oats, valued at In the state there were (1921) 586 churches, 621 $125,556,000. The state now ranks first in the pro- priests, 34 different religious orders, 35 hospitals duction of oats and com and in the number of and asylums, and a Catholic population of about swine and horses. The value of dairy products 262,690.

for the year 1919 was $100,000,(X)0. The mineral Leqislattvb Changes.— The Legislature of Iowa output for the same year was 8,192,195 tons, valued was one of the first to oiganize the commission at $24,703;232. In the year 1918 the value of clay form of government for cities and the system of the