Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 17.djvu/401

 HUNOART 385 HUNOABT

to the proletariat of the world for justice and sup- purchasers terms as favorable as those given to port. The Budapest Workmen's Council immedi- Hungarians. The Treaty with Austria ceded West ately formed a Radical ministry with Alexander Hungary (Burgenland) to Austria, but the Hun* Garbai as President and Bela Kun as Minister of garians did not accept the decision. The protocol Foreign Affairs. This Soviet Government carried of Venice (13 October, 1921) was an attempt to on almost continuous warfare with Rumania, Jugo- settle the difficulty, for it provided for the transfer slavia, and Czechoslovakia, all three of which sent of the territory to Austria and for a plebiscite in troops into Hungarian territory. On 2 April the Oedenburg and its environs. The plebiscite re- Paris Conference sent General Smuts to Budapest suited in a majority for union with Hungary. In with power to negotiate a new armistice. In May the meantime the territory was governed by an the Hungarian troops had won numerous successes international commission. On 29 August, 1921, a against the Czechs, but following an appeal for help treaty establishing friendly relations between the by President Masaryk of Czechoslovakia, the Allies United States and Hungary was signed, in an ultimatum on 9 June threatened to use "ex- The Church in Hungary.— Before the war there treme measures to constrain Hungary to cease were 9,011,000 Catholics in the kingdom of Hun- hostilities," if it did not refrain from further at- gary; 2,008,000 Uniat Greeks, 2,600,000 Calvinists, tacks on the Czech forces. After an ill-fated in- 1,007,000 Lutherans, 2,004,000 Orthodox Greeks, and vasion of Rumania in July, 1919, the Radical gov- 912,000 Jews. Since the signing of the Treaty of emment established under the leadership of Bela Versailles there are 4,708,000 Catholics, 158,000 Kun came to an end, and was succeeded by that Uniat Greeks and 466,000 Lutherans, 77,000 Orth- composed of moderate Socialists, headed by Jules odox Greeks and 466,000 Jews. In 1914 Catho- Peidll. The new government was paralyzed when, lies formed 48.3 per cent of the total population; in defiance of the Supreme Council, the Rumanians to-day they are in the majority as they form 63 occupied Budapest on 5 August, 1919. Two days per cent of the total population. As a result of later it was overthrown by a monarchist coup (Titat, the war about 2,113,000 Catholics became subjects Archduke Joseph proclaiming himself governor, of Czechoslovakia, while 1,008,000 went to Rumania, The Archduke had the support of the monarchists 821,000 to Jugoslavia, 316,000 to Austria, and 45,000 and the peasantry, but was opposed by all the So- to the state of Fiume. Catholic priests and nuns cialist and Liberal groups. An ultimatum from the suffered much in Hungary during the Bolshevist Supreme Council brought about the Archduke's regime of Bela Kun; unspeakable atrocities were retirement on 23 August. His Government con- committed by this Government, whose leaders were tinned, however, but was later forced to retire, almost exclusively Jewish. More than $82,000,000 In the plebiscite of 25 January, 1920, Admiral worth of ecclesiastical property was confiscated and Nicholas Horthy was elected Viceregent (Lord Pro- liquidated; convents, hospitals, orphanages, and tector). In March, 1921, ex-King Charles made an asylums, in addition to churches, were included attempt to regain his throne. Aided and abetted among the institutions which the Bolshevists seized, by the landed aristocracy and by the higher clergy, Great sums in cash were taken from benevolent, Charles entered Hungary on 26 March, 1921. Two social, athletic and charitable organizations operat- days later the Council of Ambassadors (Allies) sent ing under religious auspices. The Catholic Church an ultimatum to Budapest demanding Charles' fared worst of all, and it is estimated that the deposition and delivery to the Entente representa- liquidations of Catholic property aggregated $44,- tives. His fate, however, had been settled by the 734,000. Amongst the difficulties that the newly- quick and determined action of Horthy. In an constituted Christian government of Hungary had engagement near Budapest, Charles was completely to deal with was an excessive antipathy against defeated, and after ordering his troops to surrender the Jews; acts of retribution were committed to avoid further bloodshed, was himself taken against them in the period of rehabilitation by prisoner with Queen Zita while in flight. Charles those who, inflamed by the memory of their suffer- was exiled on 3 November by the Council of Am- ings, did not distinguish between Judaism as a bassadors to Madeira. His death on 1 April, 1922, whole and the excesses of some perverse Jews, at Funchal, Madeira, resulted in the proclamation Leading Catholics in political life and the Hun- signed by eighteen prominent Legitimist leaders an- garian Catholic bishops lifted their voices in behalf nouncing the succession to the Hungarian throne of of Judaism, but nevertheless the unscrupulous Rince Otto, his eldest son, and the regency of Queen Masonic press raised a cry against the new Chris- Zita pending his coming of age. Cardinal Czemoch, tian Government and by misrepresentation sought the Prince Primate, endorsea the proclamation, but to prejudice world opinion against it. A most Horthy*s Government* refused to take cognizance effective weapon of defence in Catholic hands is of it. The Dethronement Act of 6 November, the Catholic press which, after ten years of effort 1921, deposed the Hapsburgs from all future title on the part of few zealous Hungarian priests, was to the throne of Hungary, cancelled the Pragmatic well established in 1918. A stock company with Succession Sanction contained in Acts I and II of a capita] of 12,000,000 had been formed to carry the year 1723, which determined the successor of on its work, nearly all the bishops being share- the throne of the Hou^ of Austria, thereby giving holders, though the greater part was subscribed by to the nation the right of free election to the the middle and poorer classes. During the revolii-

In the Treaty of Peace between Hungary and tian principles finally triumphed in Hungary, the

the Allies, signed at Versailles on 4 July, 1920, it people clamored for a Christian press, managed on

was provided that Hungary should formally waive truly national lines. The Central Press Association

claim to Fiume, and to all former Austro-Hungarian met the demand and a month after the fall of

territory awarded to Italy, Rumania, Jugoslavia, Bela Kun (1919) had founded four journals and

and Czechoslovakia; limit her army to 35,000 men, several reviews. In the following years it managed

assume a proportional share of the Austro-Hun- to buy the "Pallas" of Budapest, one of the largest

garian debt, place no restriction upon the export printing presses fn the world, and soon began to

of food-«tuffs into Austria, and insure to Austrian play an important part in the life of the country