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of the churches of Notre Dame-des-Graces and of majority of votetr at the general chapter, which St. Joseph at Colignac. Throughout the war both must now be held every sixth year. By the same clergy and laity willingly and unselfishly gave their Constitution the division of the order into cir- services for their country. Among those who espe- cumscriptions was abolished, and only six definitors cially distinguished themselves was Abb6 Rodie, general or counsellors are elected at the general captain in the artillery, who was awarded the chapter, according to language (English, French, Legion of Honor and received the croix de guerre German, Hungarian-Slavic, Italian, Spanish), for a with three citations. The diocese is at present term of six years. The procupator general holds administered by the Rt. Rev. Felix Guillibert, b. office for the same lensth of time, and, according at Aix, 1 November, 1842, ordained 24 December, to the new regulations, be is delegatus a jure when- 18G5, appointed to the see of Frejus 21 Februaiy, ever the general is absent from Rome, and in case 1906, consecrated at Rome 25 February following, of the latter's death or cessation from office during appointed inspector general of the chaplains, of his term, the procurator ipso facto becomes vicar the French Navy 30 April, 1918, named chevalier general of the order and governs with full authority of the Legion of honor in August, 1921, for excep- irntil the general chapter convenes at the regular tional services rendered during the war. sexennial period. In Spain all the provinces of the In 1921 there were 322,945 Catholics in the dio- order are governed by a vicar general and four cese, not including the black troops, namely, the inter-provincial counsellors who are elected for a Senegalese, Moroccans, Algerians, and Malagasy, term of six years and reside at Madrid. The There were 179 parishes with 28 parish churches oongregatio intermedia for the whole order and and 151 succursal churches, 1 monastery, 1 convent, the caviivlum intermedium in the single provinces 1 abbey for men, 2 Carmelite, 2 Dominican, 2 Capu- have been abolished. As to head-clress, custom chiness monasteries for women, 1 diocesan semi- permits the use of a hat with the habit in many nary (60 seminarians), 1 seminary conducted by the provinces of the order, and the great tonsure is Dominicans for the training of missionaries, 1 given only in some countries, preparatory seminary for boys, 2 colleges for boys. In October, 1920, the order had 16,248 members. Throughout the diocese there are numerous pub- of whom 8891 were priests and 2251 clerics; the lie institutions, including lyceums, asylums, refuges, number of provinces was 99, with 837 convents and naval and civil hospitals, day nurseries, nil of which 801 residences (i. e., domus non formatce). In the admit the ministry of priests. Since the war the United States the 5 provinces and 2 commissariats government has founded an institution which edu- (Polish at Pulaski, Wisconsin; Slovenian and cates and cares for those children who were left Croatian at New York) of the order (besides the orphans in consequence of the war. Three Catholic Commissariat of the Holy Land at Washington, periodicals are published in the diocese. Among D. C.) comprised 35 convents, 108 residences, 654 the clergy there is a co-operative association for priests, 256 clerics, and a total membership of 1236. the purpose of ecclesiastical vestments. The prin- After the United States and several other countries cipal societies among the laity are the Association were removed from the jurisdiction of the Propa- chretienne de la jeimesse catholique and the Cath- ganda and thereby lost their status as missionary olic Workingmen's Association. countries, the number of religious classified as mis- French Academy, Thb (cf. C. E., I-89a), which sionaries was also considerably reduced. Thus, in from 1635 up till the present day has included many October, 1920, the statistics of the order showed faithful sons of the Church, now has nine Cath- 1120 missionary priests, 64 clerics, and about 200 olics among its thirty-five members. The list of lay brothers working in the foreign field. In 1921 Academicians given in the order of priority of elec- the three Franciscan cardinals, Aguirre, Neto, and tion, with the names of the Catholic members Falconio, who had been raised to the purple in italicized, follows: le Comte d'HaussonvUle ; Pierre- November, 1911, being deceased, the order still in- Louis de Freycinet; Pierre-Louis Loti-Viaud; Ernest eluded among its menibers 8 archbishops, 34 bishops Lavisse; Paid Bourget; Anatole France; Gabriel (of whom 14 are vicars apostolic), and 2 prelates Hanotaux; Henri Lavedan; Paul Deschanel; nullius (of Santarem in Brazil and Mozambique in Frederic Masson; Rene Bazin; Alexandre Ribot; Africa), besides 2 prefects apostolic and 3 superiors Maurice Barres; Maurice Donnay; Jean Richepin; of the missions in the Holy Land, in Upper Egypt, Raymond Poincar^; Eugene Brieux; ^en^ Dowmtc; and in Constantinople. Among notable members Marcel Pr6vost ; Afgr. Di^c/iesne ; Henri de Rignier; recently deceased are: David Fleming (d. 1915); General Lyautey; Etienne Boutroux; Alfred Capus; Agostino Gemelli, first rector of the Catholic Uni- Pierre de la Gorce; Henri Bergson; Mar^chalJoffre ; versity of Milan; and the celebrated composer of Louis Barthou; Henry Bordeaux; Mgr. Baudrillart; many classic oratorios, Hartmann von An-der-Lan Ren6 Boylesve-Tardiveau; Francois de Curel: Jules Hochbrunn (d. 1914). ,, ^ . Cambon; C]teorges Clemenceau; Marichal Foch, „ Owing to the reform of the Breviary under Pope

French Ihdo-OWna. See Indo-China. f^^ ^ *^® "^^f^ asagned in the calendar for the

•n jj 4 CI -n feasts of several of the saints and of a number of

Frendianism. See Psychoanalysis. the Blessed have been changed. Since 1909 sixteen

Friars Minor, Order op (cf. C. E., VI-281c; also Friars Minor have been added to the catalogue of

VI-217a).— By the Constitution "Quo Magis** of 23 Beati whose feasts are celebrated throughout the

October, 1911, Pope Pius X introduced important order, viz.: Gerard Cagnoli, d. 1342 (2 January);

changes into the order. He also relieved Fr. Schuler Roger of Todi, d. 1237 (28 January) ; Giles of

of his responsibility, making him titular Archbishop Lorenzano, d. 1518 (28 January) ; John Baptist of

of Nazianzus, and appointed Pacificus Monza of Fabriano, d. 1539 (11 March); Christopher of

Vicenza (Venice) general of the order. At the Milan, d. 1485 (11 March); Mark of Montegallo.

general chapter in 1915 Seraphine Cimino of Ischia d. 1497 (20 March) ; Hippolytus Galantini, d. 1619

(Naples) became head of the order, and in 1921 (20 March); Gandulphus of Binasco, d. 1260 (3

the general chapter elected Bemardine Klumper of April); Julian Cesarrelli, d. c. 1350 (11 May); John

Amsterdam (Holland) minister general. The tenure or Aragon and Peter of Duenas, martyred at

of this last office was restricted by the Constitution Granada, 1397 (22 May) ; Timothy of Monticulo,

"Quo Magis" to six years; re-election for one other d. 1504 (26 August); Bonaventure of Barcelona, d.

^crm, however, may be made by a simple (absolute) 1684 (11 September); Christopher of Romandiola,