Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 17.djvu/334

 IFOSSAKO dig PRAKOB

action is in rem the suit may be brought before 183,704; Toulouse, 175,434; St-Etienne, 167,967;

the local ordinary of the place where the thing is. Strasburg, 166,767: Havre, 163,374; Nice, 155,830;

In virtue of a contract one may be cited before Rouen, 123,7^; Nancy, 113,266.

the local ordinary, either of the place where it was Vital Statibtiob.— The birth rate, which was 3.16

made or where it is to be executed, though the per 100 during the period 1806-1816 and 2^ dur-

parties may stipulate in a contract what is to be mg the period 1831-1841 « fell to 2^ per 100 in the

the forum in case of a dispute. A culprit is to be period 1872-1882, to 1.88 per 100 in 1913 and to

cited in the place where the crime was committed, 1J21 in 1918. In seventy-seven departments the

and the local judge may pass sentence on him total excess of deaths over births for 1914 to 1919

even if he has left. If there should be two judges was 1,490,227. The number of divorces was 3668

of equal competence, a suit is to be tried by him in 1916; 5572 in 1917; 8121 m 1918; and 11,657 in

who first took cognizance of it. 1919 (77 departments only). To encourage the

Codex jur. can., 1569-08. growth of large families an Act was passed on 14

FoBsaao, Diocese of (Fobsanenbib; cf. C. E., Jul^, 1913, making the relief of large families VI-154c), in the province of Cuneo, Northern Italy, oblig;atoTy with the parishes and the State, and a su£Fragan of Turin. The bishop, Rt. Rev. Quirico providing for a bonus of 60 francs minimum or 90 Travaini, who was archpriest of Trecata, in the francs maximum for each child after the third. Diocese of Novara at the time of hia appointment, Owing to the immense war losses the allowance 16 January, 1919, was proclaimed 10 March follow- was 8upi)lemented, in the Act of 28 June, 1918. by ing, to succeed Mgr. Giosu6 Signori, transferred an additional ten francs per month for each child, to the Diocese of Alessandria della Paglia, 23^ This still being inade<iuate, the Departmental Coun- December, 1918. Th& diocese . comprises (1920) cil of the Seine raised the annual allowance of 36,000 Catholics; 25 parishes, 100 secular and 20 each child to a minimum of 240 francs and a regular priests, 32 seminarians, 9 Brothers, 95 Sis- maximum of 300 francs, and moreover, from Jan- tens, 45 churches or chapels. uary, 1921, offered, inaependently of the parish,

Fossombrone, Diocbbb of (Forobempbonienbib; bounties to mothers for each child in excess of cf. C. E., VI-154d), in the province of Pesaro, two still living, 300 francs for the third child, and Italy, suffragan of Urbino. The present bishop, an increase of 50 francs for each additional child. Rt. Rev. Pascal Righetti, b. at Cornice in the dio- In 1921 there were in Paris and suburbs about cese of Brugnato 29 May, 1868, served as vicar 18,000 beneficiaries receiving 24,000 allowances. The general, canon of the arcnpresbytery of Brugnato. population of France showed signs of recovery appointed bishop 19 February, 1914, consecrated during the first half of 1920, when the births ex- 14 May following, as successor to Rt. Rev. Aehille ceeded the deaths by 67,946, the former numbering Quadrozzi (b. 22 March, 1846; d. 5 December, 424,668 and the latter numbering 386,722 in all the 1913). There are at present (1922) in the diocese 90 departments. Marriage is also on the increase. 40 parishes, 71 churches, 51 secular and 3 regular Besides government bounties there are the mamage priests, 1 lay brother, 4 nuns, 1 convent for men, and child bonuses given by the Employers' Asso- 1 seminary with 20 seminarians, 2 asylums. A civil ciation of 2 francs a day for each married man in hospital and an orphanage for girls admit the min- addition to his wages, and 2 francs a day for each istry of the priests; several societies are organized child. Each member of the association contributes among the laity. During the war thirteen clergy- in proportion to the number of his employees, men of the diocese served in the army; four Economics and Agbiculturb.— Of the total area asylums were established; shelter was given to the of France (132,381,447 acres) in 1912, 24,716,752 refugees, and relief work was carried out by two acres were under forests, 9,403,625 acres were re- committees turned as moor and uncultivable land, and 98,181,-

roundation (cf. C. E., VI-157c) .-Bequests for ^70 acres, of which 59,127750 "were arable, j^

relirious and charitable purposes are valid and l^^""^^^^ "^^^^ ^^^P«{ ^*"°y J^^ «i^/ J?J^^

binSing in conscience even if they are null acconi- 12435000 acr^ were devoted to wheat W60,00a

ing to civil law, and the Code siys that the heirs f ^es to oats, 2022,000 acres to. rye 1,512,000 acres

are to be admonished to fulfil the testator's wishes. *°,^"'^y^n^^^nn^^^^''•'T '"^ ^Y .^To^T^

t tv^^^ji ^4.i^^^ If o A potatoes, 10,315,000 metric tons; wheat, 6,271,000

••Poimdatlonfl.'' See Anoucanibm. ^^^^^ ^ons; oats, 4,223,000 metric tons; and beet

France (cf. C. E.. VI-166b).— Population.— Ac- sugar, 2,055,000 metric tons. The production of

cording to the census of 1921 France has 39,402,739 wine in. 1920 was 1.310,719,000 gallons. The war

inhabitants, of whom 37^52,280 were French and cost FVance many of her farmers, besides rendering

1,550,459 were foreigners. The chief departments temporarily useless some 9,775,(X)0 acres of farm

with their population in 1921 are as follows: Seine, land, but since the end of the war she has redeemed

4,411,691; Nord, 1,787,918; Pas-de-Calais, 989,967; 3,755,920 acres. By furnishing the farmers with

Rhone, 956,566; Seine-et-Oise, 921,673; Seine- fertilizer, machinery, and seed the Office of Recon-

Inf^rieiu^, 880,671; Bouches-du-Rhdne, 841,996; struction has greatly assisted the economic recovery

Gironde, 819,404; Finist^re, 762,514; Bas-Rhin, of the country.

651,686. Industry. — ^The effect of the invasion of Fhmce In spite of the return of Alsace and Lorraine, was to reduce the production in the damaged area France has now 400,000 fewer inhabitants than in in a proportion varying from 25% for machine 1911. This loss is due principally to war casualties, shops to 74% for coal mines, 81% for iron and steel to the reduction of the birth-rate, and to the works, and as high as 93% for some branches of epidemics of influenza. There has also been a technical industry. Before the war France con- pronounced movement to the cities and a conse- sumed over 63,000,000 tons of coal annually, of quent increase in the urban population, especially which she produced, roughly, ^,(XX),000 tons, leav- in Lvons, which showed an increase in the last ing 21,000,(K)0 tons to be imported. Bv the terms decade of 37,796; Marseilles, 35,722; Havre, 27,215; of the Peace Treaty, France acquired, control of Toulouse, 25,858; Saint-Etienne, 19,311. the Saar Basin, containing coal deposits estimated The largest cities with their populations are as at 12,500,0(X),000 tons. Actual production from follows: Paris, 2,906,472; Marseilles, 586,341; Lyons, these fields in 1913 was 17,000,000 tons. This new 561,562; Bordeaux, 267,409; Lille, 200,952; Nantes, source of coal will supply the additional demand