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(c) Those who lay violent hands on religious churches; he ma^ investigate the moral and reli- of either sex, or on clerics not mentioned above as gious teaching given in tneir schools for extems, protected by severer censures (can. 2350) ; the cen- their oratories, and charitable or educational cen- sure was formerly reserved simply to the pope. ters; he consecrates their holy places, their bells

(d) Those who efficaciously procure abortion, the and their fixed altars; he acts as judge of first mother not excepted <can. 2350) ; the censure has instance in suits between religious orders and settles now been extended to include the mother. urgent questions of collegiate precedence between

(e) Religious of lay or non-exempt communities them. Exempt religious have to obey his instruo- who leave ttieir houses unlawfully with the inten- tions regarding certain church matters, for instance, tion of not returning (can. 2385); this is a new special prayers for the public weal, catechetical or censure ; if the religious belongs to an exempt order (josj^el instructions, public processions ; they must the censure is reserved to one of his higher superiors, obtain his permission to erect houses, to hear con-

(f) Those who are members of a religious order fessions of or preach to extems, to have public or congregation and, who being professed with aim- exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, to erect pious pie i>erpetual vows presume to contract even civil associations, to solicit alms, to publish books or to marriage; their partners also incur excommunica- write for papers. Finally, it is the duty of the tion (can. 2388) ; Uiis is a new censure. ^ ^ bishops to examine all female postulants, novices

V — Excommunication reserved to no one is in- or temporarily professed before they take the next

curred by: (a) Authors and publishers who have step in religion to see if they are acting freely and

books of Scripture or annotations or commentaries if they thoroughly understand the obligations they

thereon printed without due permission (can. 2318) ; are aoout to assume. If a regular who is legiti-

formerly it was the printers, not the publishers, who mately outside of his house returns after com-

were eiroreasly censured. mitting an offense he may be punished by the local

(b) Those who dare to order or compel the ordinary, if his superior on being notified does granting of ecclesiastical burial to infidels, apostates, not do so. A local ordinary must notifjr the Holy heretics, schismatics or any other persons excom- See if the superior of an exempt religious house municated or interdicted by a declaratory or con- fails to reform abuses, after his attention has been demnatory sentence (can. 2339) ; formerly this drawn to them; if the house is not yet fully formed censure was imposed only in connection with the and the abuses occur which cause scandal the local burial of notonous heretics or of persons excom- ordinary may, pending the reply from Rome, inter- municated or placed under interdict by name. vene to correct them. In the case of pontifical

(c) Those who knowingly omit obtaining the lay religious institutes, the local oxxlinary may and consent of the Holy See, when it is required by law, should see if the constitutions are enforced, the reli- for alienating church property, and all those who gious spirit upheld, the enclosure observed, and the take part in such a transaction by giving or receiv* sacraments duly received. He mav and ought to ing the property or authorizing its transfer (can. visit hospitals, orphanages, and other such charit- 2347). able institutions, even if they have been constituted

(d) Anyone, no matter how exalted he may be, legal persons and granted exemption, and, all cus- who in any way forces a person to become a cleric toms to the contrary being reprobated, he has the or to enter religion or to make his religious pro- right to an accounting from such institutes, even fession, whether simple or solemn, temporal or if they are exempt from his jurisdiction and right perpetual (can. 2352). of visitation by the terms of their foundation or

(e) Anyone who knowingly refuses to denounce bv prescription or apostolic privilege. A cardinal's to the proper ecclesiastical superiors within a month chapel is exempt from episcopal visitation, as is a a priest by whom he or she has been solicited in seminary from the jurisdiction of the parish priest, confession; absolution from this censure must be VraMBniacH-CtauMN, Epit. jur. can., 618-24.

refused until the party makes the formal charge _, ^.. ^--..--.

or at least seriously promises to do so (can. 2368). Extension Society of the United States of

Under the Code r^ime no excommunicated per- America, The Cathouc Church (cf. C. E.,

son is a vitandw. that is, one to be shunne«l or XIV-78c), an organization which collects in, and

boycotted, unless he has been excommunicated by confines its benefits to, the United States of America

name by the Holy See and the decree of excom- and territory under the American flag, having been

munication has been made public, and unless, founded "to foster and extend the Catholic Faith;

further, the decree or sentence declares him to be to develop the missionary spirit in the clergy and

a viiandus. To this there is only one exception, people; to assist in the erection of parish buildings

namely, a person who lays violent hands on the for needsr places; to contribute to the support of

pope becomes ipso facto excommunicated and a priests living in out-of-the-way localities and

vitandxis. It may be noted that not merely the poverty-stricken districts; to extend the comforts

reception of the sacraments, but also the use of of religion to pioneers; to supply altar plate and

the sacramentals, such as holy water or blessed vestments for poor missions; to circulate Catholic

candles, are forbidden to a vitandtis, and even to literature; to educate or assist in the education of

any other excommunicated person after a con- students who intend becoming missionary priests;

demnatory or declaratory sentence. to direct Catholic colonists to suitable localities."

Atiinhac, Pcna/ I^^i»te/tcm (New York, 1920); O'DoNNBLL. OrioIN AND DEVELOPMENT.— The Society WaS

&r. °5fl/?l??8t S.|?f ^S^^nSi^'^'e J2S?I; founded at a meeting held in the aijhiepiscopal

tecieBiattici (Innsbruck, 1921). residence m Chicago on 18 October, 1905, under the

auspices of the late Archbishop Quig^ey. Four mem-

Ezemptlon (cf. C. E., V-706b; XII-754b).— All bers of the hierarchy, nine priests and six lasrmen,

regulars, including novices, but excluding nuns who had become convinced of the necessity of an

with solemn vows who are not subject to regular organization which would act as a channel between

superiors, together with their houses and churches, the charity of the cities and the needs* of scattered

are exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, except in Catholics, were present at the inaugural meeting, at

the cases mentioned expresdy in the Code. Among which the Archbishop was appointed chancellor, and

these exceptions we find that the bishop is entitled the Rev. Francis Clement Kelley, president. No

to pontificate, confirm and preach in exempt money was available for the purposes of establish-