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 EKGLAKD 284 BNOLAKD

by local authorities and 1015 miles by companies. Kingdom. The forestiy area of England is 1,720,330

In England and Wales the total length of canals, acres.

according to the latest statistics, was 3641 miles. On 31 December, 1918, there were registered in

Financial Status. — ^The revenue in 1920-21 was the United Kingdom 6857 sailing boats and 11,334 £1,425,084,666 (£=$4^), of which £134,003,000 came steam vessels with a total tonnage of 10,100,945. from customs; £199,782,000 from excise; £7,073,000 Textiles.— In 1920 1,560,000,000 pounds of cotton from motor vehicle duties; £47,729,000 from estate, were used in the textile industry, 865,000,000 pounds legacy, succession, corporation, etc., duties; £26,- of wool, 67,000,000 potmds of flax. The value of 591,000 from stamp taxes; £650,000 from land taxes; the products exported (in thousands of pounds) £1,900,000 from house duties; £394,146,000 from was: cotton, 401,700; woolen, 135,000; linen, 23,900. property and income taxes; £219,181,000 from excess The home production of wool in 1920 was estimated profit taxes; £650,000 from corporation profits tax; at 108 million pounds, and of flax at 27 million £20,000 from land value duties. The total non-tax pounds. The faU in the price of cotton and the revenue was £394^259,666. The total consolidated break in Far Eastern Exchange had a depressing fimd services, which are mainly bestowed on the effect on the cotton production; in the year 1920 national debt, cost £378,047,000 in 1921 ; and the the exports were 4,436,557 yards as against 7,075,252 total supply services, including the army, navy, yards in 1913, but the value of the 1920 exports and civil service, cost £817,381,000; total expendi- was three times greater. The value of the woolen ture chargeable against revenue, £1,195,428,000. In exports was five times their value in 1913. The the civil service estimates for 1921-22 the expendi- volume of production in most industries is below ture for public education was £63,518,000; old age that of 1913, owing to lack of foreign markets, pensions and Ministry of Pensions, £137,707,000; shortening of hours of labor, government inter- civil demobilization and resettlement, etc., £18,325,- ference, and other conditions. 000; loans to dominions and allies, £5,000,000; Commerce.— In 1919 the imports free of duty (ex- others, £123,265,000. The estimated expenditure, elusive of bullion, specie and diamonds) amounted chargeable against capital in 1921-22, was £10,- to £1,381,634,807, 84 J9 per cent. In 1920 the value 472,^. The excess profits tax, which was 50% in of the exports was £1,557,974,984, of which £1,335,- 1915, was increased to 60% later, and finally to 560,027 was the value of British goods. In 1913 the 80%, producing £223,116,090 in 1917-18, £283,976,861 total was much less, £634^20,326, but values have in 1918-19, and £289;2q8,046 in 1919-20. From April, risen greatly since that year. Trade with Russia 1915, to April, 1920, incomes of and below £130 a has come to a standstill; that with Germany has year were exempt from the income tax. From been slowly increasing. The outstanding feature April, 1920, exemption is allowed to bachelors with in the recent trade statistics has been the heavy earned incomes below £150 (or unearned below bussing from and the light selling to the United £135), and to married person with earned incomes States.

below £250. The income from the supertax, i. e.. The total loss of United Kingdom merchant ves- that paid by persons with incomes exceeding £2500 sels from the outbreak of the war in August, 1914, a year, in 1919-20 was £340,000,000, and the esti- to the end of October, 1918, was 9,031328 tons; mated number of persons chargeable 48,000. On 30 new construction in that period amounted to 4,342,- November, 1^0, the approximate national debt of 296 tons; purchases abroad, 530,000 tons; enemy Great Britain was £7,735,628,000. tonnage captured, 716,520 tons, causing a net loss

Production and Industry. — The general distribu- of 3^443,012 tons, tion of the surface of England in 1920 was as Mznino. — The recent miners' strikes emphasise follows: mountain and heath grazing land, 2,732,000 the dose connection of the coal industry with the acres; permanent pasture, 12,667,(X)0 acres; arable industrial life of the nationu During the war the land, 11,181,000 acres: woods and plantations (1913), Government fixed the prices, guaranteed a certain 2,697,000 acres; total surface, excluding water, 32,- amount of profits to the mine owners, and retained 386,000 acres. The acreage and yield of the prin- the remaining profits. After the war the Govem- cipal crops in 1920 was: wheat, 1,875,0(X) acres, ment's surplus was enormous, owing to the sale of 6,669,000 quarters; barley, 1,637,000 acres, 6,335,000 coal abroad at famine prices in response to the quarters; oats 2,^,000 acres, 10,746,000 quarters; enormous demands of the continent. To this the turnips and swedes, 988,000 acres, 14,193,000 tons; miners objected, saying that it should go into lower- hay, 6,069,000 acres, 8,211,000 tons. In 1920 the ing the price of coal and raising their wages. The live stock included 1384,902 horses (for agriculture ouarrel between the miners who insisted on keeping only), 11,770,274 cattle, 23,407,072 'fiheep, 3,113,314 the mines nationalized and the Government, wnich pigs. In England and Wales in 1920 there were desired a return to normal conditions, had a decided 80,737 holdings between one and five acres; 194,059 influence on the coal exports of 1920, which was holdings between 5 and 50 acres; 129,703 holdings only 25,<X)0,000 tons as against the yearly average between 50 and 500 acres; and 13,491 holdings of of 73,000,000 tons in 1909-13. In 1920 the produc- over 300 acres. Up to the end of 1914 the total tion was 58,(XX),000 tons less than the production Quantitjr of land acquired for small holdings by of 1913. However, the depreciation of mine equip- tne various local authorities in England and Wales, ment, the run-down condition of the coal transport according to the Small Holdings and Allotments equipment, and the reduction of the working day Act (1908), was 198,104 acres, let to 13,327 in- are factors to be considered, as well as the loB of dividual tenants and 5 associations; and the land forei^ markets. In 1913 5,993,000 tons went to acquired for allotments was 33,522 acres, let to Russia, in 1920 only 92,000 tons; to Germany, 130,526 individual tenants and 52 associations. On 4,563,000 tons in 1913 as against 13,(X)0 tons in 1 May, 1918, there were estimated to be about 1920; to South America, 6,892,000 tons in 1913 1,400,000 allotments in England and Wales (500,000 compared with 556,000 tons in 1920. The steel pro- before the war). The Board of Agriculture makes duction of 1920 was greater than that of any pre- grants for scientific research in agriculture, under war year. In 1920 8,000,000 tons of pig iron and the Development and Roads Improvement Funds 9,055,000 tons of steel ingots and castings were pro- Act, 1909 and 1910, which provides for a national duced.

fund for the development of agriculture, forestiy, Rbugion.— The Established Church of England Ssheries, and analogous resources of the United is Protestant Episcopal. The King, as Supreme