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Mont-St.-Michel and colleges at Laval, Chateau Francisco, Cal., 1918* St. Louis, Mo., 1919; New

Gontier, and Sens. The mother-house is now at York, N. Y., 1920; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1921; Phila-

Hitchin, Herts, England. At St. Michael's CoUege, delphia. Pa., 1922. Printed reports of the proceed-

Hitchin, there are 150 students. St. Michael's at ings and addresses have been issued each year con-

Winooski, Vermont, U. S. A., has 200 students, taining valuable information and discussions relat-

There is an Apostolic School and novitiate at Swan- ing to the important phases and current problems

ton, Vermont, and the Fathers also have houses at of Catholic education, and many pamphlets and

Forsyth and St. Labre's Mission, Diocese of Great reprints of papers read at the meetings have been

Falls, Montana, U. S! A. In the United States there circulated.

are 15 priests, 4 scholastics and novices, 20 juvenists, The principal purpose of the association is to

and 2 lay brothers. Many of the French Fathers provide a suitable means whereby representative

are working in fVance. Catholic educators of the country can meet in

v^in^a^i^n /«* n T? \T oi\A\ A- *u^ ^.^^^*ir.r* coufercuce for the discussion of their problems.

Education (cf. C, E,, V-304) -As the education ^j^^ ^^^ educational policy of Catholics has been

of one's children IS a pnmaiy end f^^med to a veiy marted degree by the influence

l^?A^.^A,l Ji?.^^.*^^^^^^^ of these. confere%, there 2^no binding force in

entarusted to the innocent party ; if one of the ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ f^jj^^^. «^j^^ objection of this

parties 18 a non-Catholic it is to be confided to the association shall be to keep in the minds of the

SfM5^ii*^T^;'^!i^\^''T^*k^^^^^^^ people the necessity of religious instruction and

children demand it, and their Catholic education is ^^j^ ^g ^^^ ^asis of morahty and sound educa-

properly provided for, the ordinary mav decide ^^ ^^ to promote the principles and safeguard

otherwise. Catholic parents or guardians who know- ^j^^ (nterests of Catholic education in all its depart-

mgly entrust their children to be educated or m- ^^^^^ ^^ advance the general interests of Catholic

structed m a non-Cathohc reli«on incur excom- education, to encourage the spirit of co-operation

mimication Jot® sententtce r^rved to the ordinary, ^nd mutual helpfulnei among Catholic educatore,

and are, furthermore, suspected of heresy. ^^ promote by study, conference, and discussion the

Educational Association, Catholic, of the United thoroughness of Catholic educational work in the States, a voluntary organiaation of Catholic edu- United States; to help the cause of Catholic educa- cators and other persons who have an interest in tion by the publication and circulation of such the welfare of Catholic education in the United matters as shall further these ends." States of America. The association was formed The association is composed of three depart* at St. Louis, Mo., in July, 1904. In May, 1898, ments: the Seminary Department, the Department representatives of the seminaries and Catholic col- of Catholic Colleges and Secondary Schools, the leges of the country met at St. Joseph's Seminary, Parish School Department. Each department regu- Yonkers, N. Y., for a conference on the conditions lates its own affairs, but the Koveming body of the and problems of Catholic higher education. A association is the executive board, in which each second meeting of these representatives was held department has equal representation. Each depart- at Philadelphia in September, 1899. The work of ™ent may form sections to care for special phases this conference lapsed until April, 1904, when repre- of its own work. The general officers are elected sentatives of several seminaries met and decided to annually at a general meeting of the association, revive the conference and to hold a meeting in St. and the executive board elects a secretary general. Louis in July, 1904. An Association of Catholic ^*^o is the executive officer of the board and of Colleges and Universities of the United States was the association. , ^ ^ formed in Chicago, El., in April, 1899. Annual The association has had the good will and gen- meetings were held and printed reports of the pro- erous patronage of the bishops of the countiy, and ceedings and addresses of each meeting have been ma^iy o^ its recommendations have been received issued. The Parish School Conference was formed ^^h favor by them. Each year Catholic educators in Chicago in July, 1902. A second meeting was l^ve been honored and encouraged by a paternal held in Philadelphia, and at this meeting a com- message from the Holy Father, and the Apostolic mittee was appointed and empowered to bring blessing. At the present time (1922) there are about a union of the various educational con- ^ members in the Seminary Department, 106 mem- ferences on a basis that would preserve the purely gers in the Department of Catholic Colleges and ' voluntary character of the movement. This result Secondary Schools, and 2000 members in the Parish was accomplished at St. Louis in 1904, when repre- School Department. Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, sentatives of the three conferences met and decided P- ^'* llj^ow the president general of the associa- to form the Catholic Educational Association of J^on. The jgeneral office of the association has the United States. Rt. Rev. D. J. O'Connell, D. D., been located at Columbus, Ohio, since 1904. In was elected first president general of the associa- all the years of its existence, the association has tion, and Rev. Francis W. Howard was elected defended the nght of the Church to found and secretary general. mamtam her own schools, colleges, and seminaries;

Annual meetings have been held since the year ^^^ through the medium afforded by the association

1904. The meetings are held at .the invitation and Catholic educators have been able to promote in

under the patronage of the bishop of the diocese * substantial manner the thoroughness of Catholic

in whose see the conference takes place. The fol- educational work in the United States in all its

lowine are the places and years in which meetings departments.

have been held: St. Louis, Mo., 1904; New York, FRANas W. Howabd. N. Y., 1905; Cleveland. Ohio, 1906; Milwaukee,

Wis., 1907; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1908; Boston, Mass., Eger (Aoria, Erlau, Jaqer), Archdiocbsb of (cf.

1909; Detroit, Mich., 1910; Chicago, HI., 1911; C. E., I-2d0c), in Hungai7. His Eminence Cardinal

Pittsburgh, Pa., 1912; New Orleans, La., 1913; Samassa, who was appointed Archbishop of Agria

Atlantic City, N. J., 1914; St. Paul, Minn., 1915; 1873 and created a cardinal in 1905, died 20 August,

Baltimore, Md., 1916; Buffalo, N. Y., 1917; San 1912, and was succeeded by his coadjutor. Most