Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 17.djvu/29

 ADBIAK IV 13 ADVENnSTS

Salisbury's letters show he could play a double it. About 1158 Henry II and his avowed enemy,

part — or an interpolation at a later period. Cardinal Louis VII of France, suddenly became friendiB.

Gasquet accepts the latter solution. The forty- Thereupon they despatched Rotrod, Bishop of

second or last chapter of the ^'Metalogicus/' in Evreux, on a new mission to Rome to ask the

which mention is made of the Donation, has abso- blessing of the pope on a hostile expedition they

lutely nothing to do with the preceding forty-one were about to undertake. They presented that the

chapters which deal with the study of logic and invasion of a certain land, referred to merely as

metaphysics. It gives details of a most unlikely H —, was a crusade of religion. Internal evidence

familiarity between Adrian and Salisbury, and dif- would indicate that H — did not mean Hispania

f ers in style from his other writings ; the description but Hibernia. Adrian refused to approve of the

of the interview with Adrian diverges considerably plan and in a letter to Louis set out at length

from that given in the "Polycraticus" — ^which has the reason that led him to this decision. Grantmg

no mention of the Donation or of the fine emerald that H;— refers to Ireland, as is almost certain,

ring sent for the investiture; so that the conclusion it is difficult after reading this letter to believe

forces itself on one that the chapter is spurious, that Adrian donated Ireland at John of Salisbury's

The work was written not later than 1161; no men- request. And here a remarkable fact may be noted,

tion was made by Henry of the Donation till 1175— The resemblance between the opening ten or fifteen

fourteen or fifteen years of inexplicable silence; lines of this authentic letter of Adrian refusing to '

for the Bull wduld have been most useful in 1167 bless Louis and Henry's proposed expedition and

to justify Norman interference in Ireland, and it the opening of the Adrian's alleged Bull "Lauda-

could hardly have escaped mention at the Council bilitir,'^ is too close to be the result of an accident,

of Cashel in 1172, at which a papal legate presided. Taking this with the incidents mentioned above

The Bull "Laudabiliter" is not given m Salis- it seems almost certain that Adrian's letter of

bury's work; it first appears in 1188 in the "Ex- refusal was used as a basis for the Bull which was

pugnatio Hibemica" of Giraldus Cambrensis, a forged later to uphold Henry's conduct. Naturally,

writer whose ambitions to become archbishop of Henry could not relv on the forgery during the

St. David's, through the patronage of Henry II, lifetime of Louis without it coming to the knowl-

have destroyed his value as a trustworthy historian; edge of the French king. Louis, however, did not

he candidly admits he wrote his "Expugnatio Hiber- die until 1180, and it is only after that event that

nica" to glorify Henry, and the work is looked upon we find the wording of the Bull for the first time,

more as an epic poem than as sober history. The The annalist of Archin seems to have known of

testimony of Matthew of Paris, Roger Wendover Pope Adrian's refusal, for writing of the year 1171,

and R^oul de Diceto in favor of the Bull being he says: Henry, King of England, puffed up with

based on Giraldus C&mbrensis does not strengthen pride, and usurping things not conceded: striving,

the case, and incidentally it may be said that the for things he had no business to do, prepared ships

Vatican document on which Baronius later based and called together the soldiers of his kingdom to

his agreement favoring the Bull is only a MS. of conquer Ireland.

Matthew of Paris. Cardinal Gasquet sums up his study thus:

There are three letters of Alexander III written "Whether this theory as to the origin of the 'Bull'

from Tusculum in which reference is made to be current or not, it can safely be said that the

Ireland. The letters are all dated 20 September; evidence upon which the authenticity of the docu-

no year is mentioned, probably it was in 1172. ment has so long been held is at best very doubtful,

They ignore the existence of the Bull: they recog- and should be accepted with extreme caution. A

nize no claim of Henry to Ireland except the right cai'eful examination will, we believe, induce most

of might and the submission of the Irish chief; inquirers to reject the 'Bull' as an undoubted for-

they speak, it is true, of the pope's right over all gery, and to consider it more than probable that

islands, but there is no known authentic document Pope Adrian IV, so far from granting any approba-

containing this claim; they refer to certain papal tion to Henry in his design on Ireland, or making

rights but make no mention of Peterspence which any donation of the country to the English crown,

Adrian's Bull chaiges Henry to establish in Ireland, in reality positively refused to be a party to rush

The Bull was evidently unknown then in ilome. an imposture.

Again though in 1316 the pope insists on the Adriaae, also known as Adimas or Adriana, a

English king doing homage to him as he held Eng- x-,^ ' r. • • pamnhilia It waTsuffmcan

land as a fief from the Sovereign pontiff, he said ^'/^^^ ^etrooofitan seV^^ suffnysan

nothing about doing homage for holding Ireland. °^ ^^® metropolitan see ol I'erga.

Alexander's Ill's reputed Bull confirmatory of Adult. — In the matter of baptism canon law now

Adrian's grant is no more reliable. It was issued considers as adults all those wno have attained the

from Rome in 1172; but Alexander was not in use of reason.

^itJ:^^ Ep^^il^J17«'' '^A^^r^ft ifl^ ^'"»* ("f- C. E.. I-165b) .-Marriage may be ^IJIJ^ Is.* 4^t.i.i J 1m if i L^^ celebrated during Advent, but the sol^n nuptial mprobable that Alexander wouW^^^^ blessing is forbidden during this period an(f on

abetted the murder of St. Thomas a Becket. It is ^^^ ^^^ *^'°^ "*

known, moreover, that Hemy did not hesitate to Adventists (cf. C. E., I-166c). — I. Evangelical

manufacture or adapt papal documents to serve his Adventists (the original stock). — As the older

purposes. There is little independent testimony members died many of the younger families joined

upholding the authenticity of the documents; other evangelical denominations and the number of

Cambrensis says that the Bulls were produced at churches and members diminished rapidly. In 1906

a s3mod of the Irish clergy at Waterford in 1175, they reported 18 organizations with 481 members,

but the Irish annals make no reference to such a and 8 ministers. In 1916 all the churches, except a

flynod. few in Pennsylvania, had disbanded or discontinued

So far from the pope having abetted Henry in all services. Apparently even these few churches in

his attempt on Ireland it is almost certain that Pennsylvania were moribund, for the United States

when the proposal was made to him he rejected Government in compiling religious bodies (1916)