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DOCTOR Separtion (cf. C. E., V-63b).—Tacit condonation of adultery takes place if the innocent party after learning of the sin freely continues relations with the culprit; moreover, condonation is presumed unless within six months the guilty party has been dismissed, left, or duly accused. The Code does not uphold the view of certain theologians that if the innocent party later committed adultery, he would be bound to receive back his guilty spouse. It mentions as other causes for separation (a) adhesion to a non-Catholic sect; (b) giving a non-Catholic education to the children; (c) leading an ignominious or criminal life; (d) a grave danger to body or soul which can be avoided only by separation. For these and similar causes the party may separate with the ordinary's approval, or even without it, if there is danger in delay. When the reason for the separation is at an end, married life is to be resumed, but if the separation was authorized by the ordinary for a given or an indefinite time, the innocent party need not return until the time expires or until the ordinary tells him to do so.

Codex juris canonici, 1118-32; Atrinhac, Marriage Legislation, nn. 291-323: Petrovits, The New Church Law on Matrimony (Philadelphia, 1921), pp. 386-423; Vlaming, Praelectiones juris matrimonii (Bussum, 1921), II, pp. 288-344.

Djákovo. See Diakovu

Doctor (cf. C. E., V-72).-Those who have ob- tained the degree of doctor are entitled to wear a ring and stone, but not at sacred functions. Other things being equal, doctors and licentiates are to be preferred in the collation of ecclesiastical offices and benefices. Auditors of the Rota must be doctors in both canon and civil law, the chancellor of the Congregation of Rites a doctor of canon law, and advocates and procurators in processes of beatifica- tions and canonizations before the same congrega- tion must be doctors of canon law, and also at least licentiates of theology. Honorary degrees may be conferred by the Congregation for Seminaries and Universities of Studies. Doctrine, CHRISTIAN (cf. C. E., V-83).-Priests and other clerics, unless legitimately prevented, must assist their parish priest in teaching Christian doctrine, and if the local ordinary judges it neces- sary to utilize the services of religious, their superiors, even if exempt, on being requested by him, must personally or by their subjects teach the catechism especially in their own churches, without detriment, however, to religious discipline. Exempt religious, if they teach non-exempt per- sons, must observe the bishop's regulations con- cerning religious instruction. Religious superiors should see that the lay brothers and servants re- ceive a catechetical instruction at least twice a month. Coder juris canonici, 1329-36. Domicile (cf. C. E., V-103).-Domicile is acquired by residence in a parish or quasi-parish, or at least in a diocese, vicariate or prefecture apostolic; this residence, however, should either be conjoined with an intention of remaining there permanently if no reason for departing arises, and should be continued for a period of ten years. Before the publication of the Code domicile was only parochial, and was never acquired by residence alone. Quasi-domicile is acquired in the same way as domicile, if the residence is either conjoined with the intention of remaining for at least the great part of a year, or has actually been prolonged for that time. By quasi-domicile also one acquires full parish rights and a proprius parochus. A minor who has ceased to be an infant, that is, who has completed his seventh year, can acquire a quasi-domicile of his

own, as can a wife not legitimately separated from husband; if she is legitimately separated, however, she can acquire a domicile also. Those who are insane have necessarily the same domicile as their guardians, but the Code does not state what hap- pens when the guardian has only a quasi-domicile. Though not referred in the Code as a domicile of origin, a child's place of origin is fixed by the place where his father had his domicile or, in defect of domicile, his quasi-domicile when the child was born, or where the mother had hers if the child was illegitimate or posthumous; if the parents were vagi, it is the place where the child was born; if the child was a foundling, the place where it was discovered. Coder juris canonici, 90-94; FARREN, Domicile and Quasi- Domicile (Dublin, 1920); VERMEERSCH-CREUSEN, Epit. jur. can., 164-71; KINAND in Irish Eccl. Rec., XI (1918), 217-31. Dominican Republic (SANTO DOMINGO; cf. C. E., V-110c, is the eastern division of the island of Haiti. The area is estimated at 19,332 square miles and the population at 1,000,000. According to the census of 1919 the city of Santo Domingo had 26,812 in- habitants and the city of Puerta Plata 7370, San-. tiago de los Caballeros 14,744, San Pedro de Macoris 10,000, La Vega about 8000, Samana and nchez about 2000 each. EDUCATION. The expenditure on education in 1919-20 was $943,880. In 1920 there were 972 public schools in the Republic (6 secondary), with 105,000 pupils (51,585 in 1918), and 1544 teachers. The Professional Institute was formed by presidential decree on 29 November, 1914. A commission appointed by the Government thoroughly investi- gated the educational situation and prepared and recommended the following laws, based on its findings: Compulsory School Attendance, School Administration, General Studies, University, Theo- logical Seminary, Organic Law of Public Education, School Revenues. The first six laws were promul- gated in April, 1918, and constitute the school code of the country. There are also 6 industrial schools for girls, 2 schools of fine arts, 2 correctional schools, and the Central University at the capital. The country is divided into six school departments and each department into school districts. There is also a Board of Education in each school district and a General Board of Education and a General Super- intendent for the whole country. The establish- ment of obligatory education has brought the number of school children from 18,000 to 100,000. Prior to the United States occupation there were 30 rural schools; on 1 January, 1920, there were 647 rural schools. GOVERNMENT.-The constitution of the Domin- ican Republic provides for a National Congress, consisting of a Senate of 12 members and a Cham- ber of 24 Deputies. The executive power is vested in the president (chosen for six years, by an elec- toral college), and in seven ministers. This system of government has been in abeyance since 1916, when a military government by United States naval officers was proclaimed. The military governor combines, for the time being, the functions of a president and Congress. United States naval officers are administering the different government depart ments. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.-The foreign trade of the Dominican Republic reached a new high record in 1920, amounting to $105,257,117, an increase of $43,636,098, or 71% over the 1919 trade, and 535% greater than the trade in 1913. The imports, valued at $46,768, 258, came chiefly from the United States (90%); the exports, $58,767,041, went chiefly to the United States also (88%). Of the total area aboutä